Additionally, Elihu's first spoken words are a confession of his youthful status, being much younger than the three canonical friends, including a claim to be speaking because he cannot bear to remain silent ; it has been suggested that this interesting statement may have been symbolic of a " younger " ( that is to say, later and interpolating ) writer, who has written Elihu's sermon to respond to what he views as morally and theologically scandalous statements being made within the book of Job, and creating the literary device of Elihu to provide what seemed to be a faith-based response to further refute heresy and provide a counter-argument, a need partially provided by God's ambiguous and unspecific response to Job at the end of the book.

The theory was popularized in the 1840s by Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle, and in 1860 Herbert Spencer formulated a counter-argument that has remained influential throughout the 20th century to the present ; Spencer said that such great men are the products of their societies, and that their actions would be impossible without the social conditions built before their lifetimes.

However, the counter-argument, that this is an over-simplification which fails to capture the complexities of Quebec politics, society and its economy, has consistently prevailed in public and academic discourse for some time.

In the book Cerinthus, much to the disciple John's frustration, has begun spreading his gnostic teachings to the populace whereupon John is moved to write his counter-argument: the Gospel of John.

The counter-argument is that the mob mentality exists independently of the media which merely voices the opinions which the public already has.

One counter-argument is that the Constitution is a " living document " which has survived for over 200 years because not everything is " spelled out.

This theory has however received a strong counter-argument.

A counter-argument against the high relationship between behavioral intention and actual behavior has also been proposed, as the results of some studies show that, because of circumstantial limitations, behavioral intention does not always lead to actual behavior.

This counter-argument may have some validity, but has not proved that the suggested political evolution is inevitable in all cases.

But a counter-argument is that the Indonesians, living very precariously, sought to play it safe by not risking a failed crop, given that not all experiments introduced by outsiders had been successful.

The counter-argument to this is that in order to claim that a statement will not be a surprise, it is not necessary to predict the truth or falsity of the statement at the time the claim is made, but only to show that such a prediction will become possible in the interim period.

The counter-argument is made by groups such as Tennessee Tax Revolt, Inc. First, that the overall burden of taxation imposed by all levels of government, including the federal government, shows that poorer Tennesseans, like poorer Americans in general, pay a lower share of their income in taxes overall than wealthy ones.

In his counter-argument, Cortona made the case that large paintings with lots of figures were like an epic which could develop multiple sub-themes.

" The structure of a dissertation consists in an introduction that elucidates the basic definitions involved in the question as set, followed by an argument or thesis, a counter-argument or antithesis, and a resolving argument or synthesis that is not a compromise between the former but the production of a new argument, ending with a conclusion that does not sum up the points but opens onto a new problem.

More than a century of criticism, argument and counter-argument have argued that the Augustan History is not a reliable source for the period that it purports to cover, and it is especially unreliable in that era for which it is one of the very few written sources, the years 253 – 284.

This argument however, logically misses the counter-argument that there are many other conditionalities which could be imposed which would not necessarily create the burden of payment ( and therefore, the subsequent lack of ongoing governmental investment ) which is seen by many critics as creating a vicious circle.

Hegel's counter-argument to Kant was that to know a boundary is also to be aware of what it bounds and as such what lies beyond it – in other words, to have already transcended it.

At best, the counter-argument indicates that only the strongest characters can withstand the temptations of opportunist behaviour in politics, and maintain personal and political integrity.

What other reason could there be, Bury asks, then answers his own rhetorical question, " the facts that Anthemius was Leo's chosen candidate, his filius, and that Olybrius was the friend of his foe Genseric, are a strong counter-argument.

A counter-argument is that only a tiny fraction of humans could do this — and they would be self-selected by ability to do technological escalation on others ( for instance, the ability to create large spacecraft to flee the planet in, and simultaneously fend off others who seek to prevent them ).

My counter-argument is that the criminal law is too dangerous a tool to be used for symbolic purposes.

A typical counter-argument is that rationality as described in the paradox is so limited as to be a straw man version of the real thing, which does allow the consideration of meta-arguments.

The only non-controversial counter-argument to using clean URLs is that they would be leaked in the HTTP referrer header field when a user clicks on an external link from a post, which is undesirable for private ( sub ) forums, since a URL derived from the topic title could convey sensitive information.

Another possible counter-argument might be an infinite regression of designers.

" And you are lynching Negroes " (, ; " but at your place Negroes are being lynched ") is an anecdotal counter-argument phrase, which epitomizes the tu quoque arguments used by the Soviet Union in response to allegations that it had violated human rights.

This counter-argument is sometimes used as an attempted justification for faith or intuitivity ( called by Aristotle noetic or noesis ).

Music critic Ian MacDonald used " Dear Friend " as a counter-argument to the caricature of McCartney as an emotional lightweight.

It was once claimed that Jesus had stolen the stags from Lincoln, but the counter-argument ( from an antiquarian with close Lincoln connections ) was that the origins of each were distinct.

This counter-argument suggests that such swingers take a safer approach to sexual health than comparable non-monogamous singles ( who ostensibly have impaired judgment from becoming inebriated ).

" The counter-argument runs that imposing a particular structure on cowboy poetry would move the focus away from the subject matter.

The general counter-argument for this claim is that while the Cairo Declaration itself was a non-binding declaration, it was given legal effect by the Japanese Instrument of Surrender.

[...] One cannot apply to experience as counter-argument, because [...] what happens then in the interior and behind the physiological processes is only known by someone who experiences dying itself, and this unto its very end.

The counter-argument to this interpretation is that politicians may start out in their career as hopeful idealists aiming to serve the community, but as soon as they become deeply entangled in political processes, they abandon their high ideals because they must reconcile many contradictory situations, and in the process begin to compromise themselves.

The counter-argument is that such advances as well as increases in efficiency merely accelerate the drawing down of finite resources.

Plantinga takes his counter-argument further, asking how the GP objector " knows " that such criteria are the only criteria.

A counter-argument to this is that humans are unique in their adaptive and technological capabilities, so it is not possible to draw reliable inferences about the probability of human extinction based on the past extinctions of other species.

Philippe is the author of three books: Open World: The Truth about Globalisation, which is a counter-argument to Naomi Klein's No Logo ; Immigrants: Your Country Needs Them was shortlisted for the 2007 Financial Times and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award, and Aftershock: Reshaping the World Economy After the Crisis.

Elizabeth ’ s counter-argument was that the real danger for women was not education but boredom and that fresh air and exercise were preferable to sitting by the fire with a novel.

A counter-argument ( in favor of the concept of stare decisis ) is that if the legislature wishes to alter the case law ( other than constitutional interpretations ) by statute, the legislature is empowered to do so.

The association's counter-argument was that if the booksellers did not pay a market rent they were being subsidized by its low-income tenants.

For a compelling counter-argument to Foucher's essay, see Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, " The Origin of the Buddha Image ".

Another counter-argument is that extraterrestrial life would encounter the fleeing humans and destroy them as a locust species.

David, however, paid more attention to the counter-argument of his Normans ; that if the Galwegians failed the rest of the army would lose heart.

However, a counter-argument is that the Conseil d ' État, ruling according to current statute law, considered that sweeping prohibitions of religious attire or headgear by administrative authorities was contrary to law.

This counter-argument raises the issue of opportunity cost and the whole issue becomes an exercise in economic reasoning.

One major counter-argument was the call for poetic justice.