Latour notes that such social criticism has been appropriated by those he describes as conspiracy theorists, including global warming skeptics and the 9 / 11 Truth movement: “ Maybe I am taking conspiracy theories too seriously, but I am worried to detect, in those mad mixtures of knee-jerk disbelief, punctilious demands for proofs, and free use of powerful explanation from the social neverland, many of the weapons of social critique .” ( p. 230 )

In A critique of Postcolonial Reason, Spivak argues that Western philosophy has a history of not only exclusion of the Subaltern from discourse, but also does not allow them to occupy the space of a fully human subject.

This has led to the very literal use of ' critical theory ' as an umbrella term to describe any theory founded upon critique.

As a term, critical theory has two meanings with different origins and histories: the first originated in sociology and the second originated in literary criticism, whereby it is used and applied as an umbrella term that can describe a theory founded upon critique ; thus, the theorist Max Horkheimer described a theory as critical in so far as it seeks " to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them.

Kant's notion of critique has been associated with the disestablishment of false, unprovable, or dogmatic philosophical, social, and political beliefs, because Kant's critique of reason involved the critique of dogmatic theological and metaphysical ideas and was intertwined with the enhancement of ethical autonomy and the Enlightenment critique of superstition and irrational authority.

Stidham, who was later elected to a municipal judgeship, has written a detailed critique of what he asserts are major police errors and misconceptions during their investigation.

Central planning has been criticized by socialists who advocated decentralized mechanisms of economic coordination, including Leon Trotsky and Peter Kropotkin before the Austrian school critique, and later by Janos Kornai and Alec Nove.

Paulo Freire's work appears to critique instructional approaches that adhere to the knowledge acquisition stance, and his work Pedagogy of the Oppressed has had a broad influence over a generation of American educators with his critique of various " banking " models of education and analysis of the teacher-student relationship.

In an anecdote Jarmusch has recounted of the formative experience of showing his mentor his first script, Ray disapproved of its lack of action, to which Jarmusch responded after meditating on the critique by reworking the script to be even less eventful.

Marx polemic with other thinkers often occurred through critique, and thus he has been called " the first great user of critical method in social sciences.

Within the space of these tendencies there has developed a coherent critique of " orthodox Marxism " that includes not only a rejection of the concept of " the transition " but a reconceptualization of the process of transcending capitalism that has remarkable similarities to ( Peter ) Kropotkin's thinking on this subject ... Thus one of the earliest political tendencies within which this approach appeared after the Russian revolution of 1917 was that of " Council Communism " which saw the " workers councils " in Germany ( see Bavarian Soviet Republic ), or the soviets in Russia, as new organizational forms constructed by the people.

Anarchism has developed a critique of nationalism that focuses on nationalism's role in justifying and consolidating state power and domination.

Particularly in the wake of the Lucas critique, much of modern macroeconomic theory has been built upon ' microfoundations '— i. e. based upon basic assumptions about micro-level behavior.

" The critique that mercantilism was a form of rent-seeking has also seen criticism, as scholars such Jacob Viner in the 1930s point out that merchant mercantilists such as Mun understood that they would not gain by higher prices for English wares abroad.

Another critique of the game system has been the large effect of character age on skills, usually considered the most important character attributes.

This includes a strong critique of voting by academic Andile Mngxitama who has said that if Biko were alive today, he would not be supporting any political party, would not even vote, but would be marching with the social movements against government.

The arguments against speciesism – known as the anti-speciesism critique – are based on the view that species membership has no moral significance.

It has been suggested that the concept of state capitalism can be traced back to Mikhail Bakunin's critique during the First International of the potential for state exploitation under Marxism, or to Jan Waclav Machajski's argument in The Intellectual Worker ( 1905 ) that socialism was a movement of the intelligentsia as a class, resulting in a new type of society he termed state capitalism.

It has been used as a Carnivalesque critique of society ,< ref > Martin, Paul & Renegar, Valeria 2007, '" The Man for His Time " The Big Lebowski as Carnivalesque Social Critique ', Communication Studies, Vol.

Another approach to critique taken in the classroom has been to propose the insignificance of female characters in the story as sexist.

They begin with a critique of the past ” such that they review the ways women have been oppressed ; “ they seek alternative biblical and extrabiblical traditions that support ” the ideals Feminists are trying to advance ; and finally “ feminists set forth their own unique method of theology, which includes the revisioning of Christian categories .” Grenz and Olson also mention, however, while all feminists agree there is a flaw in the system, there is disagreement over how far outside of the Bible and the Christian tradition women are willing to go to seek support for their ideals.

Additionally, Amos and her music have been the subject of numerous official and unofficial books, as well as academic critique, including Tori Amos: Lyrics ( 2001 ) and an earlier biography, Tori Amos: All These Years ( 1996 ).

It has been described by proponents as " an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor's suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor ", and by detractors as Christianized Marxism.

Reason is often said to be reflexive, or " self-correcting ," and the critique of reason has been a persistent theme in philosophy.

In the last several decades, a number of proposals have been made to " re-orient " this critique of reason, or to recognize the " other voices " or " new departments " of reason:

Scholarly journals that have been key to the development ( and critique ) of this field include:

Only rarely is mise-en-scène critique used in other art forms, but it has been used effectively to analyse photography.

Foucault's Nietzschean critique of Enlightenment values in Les mots et les choses has been very influential in cultural studies and social work scholarship.

It has been described by proponents as " an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor's suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor ", and by detractors as Christianity perverted by Marxism and Communism.

A 1921 article by S. Morgulis in the journal Science, came as a critique of Pavlov's work in that it addressed concerns about the environment in which these experiments had been performed.

: The other promise of anthropology, one less fully distinguished and attended to than the first, has been to serve as a form of cultural critique for ourselves.

Cognitive psychology is one of the more recent additions to psychological research, having only developed as a separate area within the discipline since the late 1950s and early 1960s following the " cognitive revolution " initiated by Noam Chomsky's 1959 critique of behaviorism and empiricism more generally.

As a young man, he was influenced by the romantic movement and medievalism, and developed a devastating critique of industrialism.

Marx explicitly developed the notion of critique into the critique of ideology and linked it with the practice of social revolution, as in the famous 11th of his Theses on Feuerbach, " Philosophers have only interpreted the world in certain ways ; the point is to change it.

" Mises developed his critique of socialism more completely in his 1922 book Socialism, an Economic and Sociological Analysis.

While a member of the Institute of Social Research, Marcuse developed a model for critical social theory, created a theory of the new stage of state and monopoly capitalism, described the relationships between philosophy, social theory, and cultural criticism, and provided an analysis and critique of German fascism.

The core of this text developed in the mid-3rd century as a critique and commentary of the Mishnah, although subsequent additions and editing went on for some time afterwards.

Jane Jacobs's 19561 book The Death and Life of Great American Cities was a sustained critique of urban planning as it had developed within Modernism and marked a transition from modernity to postmodernity in thinking about urban planning ( Irving 1993, 479 ).

Concepts of criminal justice and its intersection with medicine were better developed in this work than in Szasz and others, who confined their critique to current psychiatric practice.

Initially post-processualism was primarily a reaction to and critique of processual archaeology, a paradigm developed in the 1960s by ' New Archaeologists ' such as Lewis Binford, and which had become dominant in Anglophone archaeology by the 1970s.

" The 1928 volume was set in the afterworld, " outside Heaven " and dramatised in fantastic form the cultural critique Lewis had developed in his polemical works of the period.

They developed Hobson's famous critique of the classical theory of rent and his proposed generalization anticipated the Neoclassical " marginal productivity " theory of distribution.

Nordau developed from this premise a critique of modern art, explained as the work of those so corrupted and enfeebled by modern life that they have lost the self-control needed to produce coherent works.

The critique from ecological economics was even more fundamental, claiming that most means of measuring well-being indicated that the developed nations were in a state of " uneconomic growth " through the 1980s and 1990s, due mostly to failures of measurement, most or all of which could be tracked back to the practice of using the Gross National Product as a means of making money supply decisions.

In her detailed critique of positive psychology Barbara Ehrenreich carefully outlined the history of its precursor, " positive thinking ", which had developed as a counterweight to Calvinism and had built on the New Thought movement of the nineteenth century.

* An Inquiry into the Principles and Policy of the Government of the United States ( 1814 )-a detailed and elaborate critique of the political-philosophical system developed and defended by John Adams in his Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America ( 1787 ).

He developed a critique of existing African Muslim elites for what he saw as their greed, paganism, or violation of the standards of Sharia law, and heavy taxation.

Social constructionism ( SC ), on the other hand, mainly developed as a form of a critique, aimed to transform the oppressing effects of the social meaning-making processes.

Later on, we find Toland continuing his critique of church government in Nazarenus which was first more fully developed in his " Primitive Constitution of the Christian Church ", a clandestine writing in circulation by 1705.

From their new ministries they developed a critique of British social policy, both local and national.

She claimed: " the common structure between these two ideological currents Golwalkar and Goel / Shourie, separated by several decades as they are, highlights the core of the Hindu nationalist movement: ethnicism or exclusive particularism " Koenraad Elst disagrees with Kondo, and says: " In sharp contrast with the repetitive-nationalistic and Indocentric approach of Golwalkar and the RSS, Goel and Shourie ( and Ram Swarup before them ) have developed a historical and philosophical critique of Christianity and Islam that has universal validity.

Bordiga himself did not advocate abstention from the unions, although later Italian Left currents developed a critique of the " regime unions ", positing that most or all unions had become tools of capitalism by submitting themselves to bourgeois interests and were no longer viable as organs of class struggle.