Mr. Richard Preston, executive director of the New Hampshire State Planning and Development Commission, in his remarks to the Governors Conference on Industrial Development at Providence on October 8, 1960, warned against the fallacy of attempting to attract industry solely to reduce the tax rate or to underwrite municipal services such as schools when he said: `` If this is the fundamental reason for a community's interest or if this is the basic approach, success if any will be difficult to obtain ''.

Affirming the consequent, sometimes called converse error, is a formal fallacy, committed by reasoning in the form:

The following is a more subtle version of the fallacy embedded into conversation.

Recent historians using census data have shown that is a fallacy.

Duality with pluralism is considered a logical fallacy.

However, this argument has been described as an example of the fallacy of a statistical confounding effect ; it is now known that a herpesvirus, potentiated by HIV, is responsible for AIDS-associated KS.

He rejects the idea of the naturalistic fallacy as the idea that ethics is in some free-floating realm, writing that the fallacy is to rush from facts to values.

: Compare, for example, such occasions for fallacy as are supplied by " Epimenides is a liar " or " That surface is red ," which may be resolved into " All or some statements of Epimenides are false ," " All or some of the surface is red.

The final paradox attacks presumptions involved in a proposition, and is related to the syllogistic fallacy.

His essay is sometimes regarded as an example of the fallacy of hypostatization.

This is a fallacy.

Moore's argument for the indefinability of “ good ” ( and thus for the fallaciousness of the “ naturalistic fallacy ”) is often called the Open Question Argument ; it is presented in § 13 of Principia Ethica.

Bertrand Russell noted: " The argument does not, to a modern mind, seem very convincing, but it is easier to feel convinced that it must be fallacious than it is to find out precisely where the fallacy lies.

Godwin's law does not claim to articulate a fallacy ; it is instead framed as a memetic tool to reduce the incidence of inappropriate hyperbolic comparisons.

The Gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy ( because its most famous example happened in a Monte Carlo Casino in 1913 ), and also referred to as the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the belief that if deviations from expected behaviour are observed in repeated independent trials of some random process, future deviations in the opposite direction are then more likely.

First, claiming that " basic beliefs " must exist, amounts to the logical fallacy of argument from ignorance combined with the slippery slope.

* Reductio ad Hitlerum, a logical fallacy in which an argument is connected to Hitler

A false dilemma ( also called false dichotomy, the either-or fallacy, fallacy of false choice, black-and-white thinking, or the fallacy of exhaustive hypotheses ) is a type of logical fallacy that involves a situation in which only two alternatives are considered, when in fact there is at least one additional option.

Falsum in uno, falsum in omnibus status as a logical fallacy is independent of whether it is wise or unwise to use as a legal rule, with witnesses testifying in courts being held for perjury if part of their statements are false.

Aside from being a logical fallacy, such questions may be used as a rhetorical tool: the question attempts to limit direct replies to be those that serve the questioner's agenda.

Equivocation (" to call by the same name ") is classified as both a formal and informal logical fallacy.

No true Scotsman is an informal logical fallacy, an ad hoc attempt to retain an unreasoned assertion.

* Burden of proof ( logical fallacy )

* Composition ( logical fallacy )

The result of semantic dispute is similar to the logical fallacy of equivocation.

* They say that sedevacantists indulge in the logical fallacy of post hoc ergo propter hoc when they attribute problems that the Church has experienced in the Western world since the reforms of the Second Vatican Council to the reforms themselves rather than to the general decrease in religiosity in the West.

In " The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language " ( 1932 ), Rudolf Carnap accused Heidegger of offering an " illusory " ontology, criticizing him for committing the fallacy of reification and for wrongly dismissing the logical treatment of language which, according to Carnap, can only lead to writing " nonsensical pseudo-propositions.

Durkheim's study of suicide has been criticized as an example of the logical error termed the ecological fallacy.

This example is used by the religion Pastafarianism to illustrate the logical fallacy of assuming that correlation equals causation.

Begging the question ( Latin petitio principii, " assuming the initial point ") is a type of logical fallacy in which a proposition relies on an implicit premise within itself to establish the truth of that same proposition.

Asimov points out that this question is the logical fallacy of the pseudo-question.

A well defined formal fallacy, logical fallacy or deductive fallacy, is typically called an invalid argument.

In philosophy, the term logical fallacy properly refers to a formal fallacy: a flaw in the structure of a deductive argument which renders the argument invalid.

The " slippery slope " approach may also relate to the conjunction fallacy: with a long string of steps leading to an undesirable conclusion, the chance of all the steps actually occurring in sequence is less than the chance of any one of the individual steps occurring alone.

A commonly occurring example of this style of reasoning can be called the " etymological fallacy ".

The logical fallacy of accident ( also called destroying the exception or a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid ) is a deductive fallacy occurring in statistical syllogisms ( an argument based on a generalization ) when an exception to a rule of thumb is ignored.

Overgeneralization is a fallacy occurring when a statistic about a particular population is asserted to hold among members of a group for which the original population is not a representative sample.

Instances of the gambler ’ s fallacy when applied to childbirth can be traced all the way back to 1796, in Pierre-Simon Laplace ’ s A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities.

Type I is the " classic " gambler's fallacy, when individuals believe that a certain outcome is " due " after a long streak of another outcome.

Type II gambler's fallacy, as defined by Gideon Keren and Charles Lewis, occurs when a gambler underestimates how many observations are needed to detect a favorable outcome ( such as watching a roulette wheel for a length of time and then betting on the numbers that appear most often ).

Another variety, known as the retrospective gambler's fallacy, occurs when individuals judge that a seemingly rare event must come from a longer sequence than a more common event does.

Usually, when a person exhibits the gambler's fallacy, they are more likely to exhibit the hot-hand fallacy as well, suggesting that one construct is responsible for the two fallacies.

Participants exhibited the strongest gambler's fallacy when the seventh trial was part of the first block, directly after the sequence of three heads or tails.

However, when the seventh trial was grouped with the second block ( and was therefore perceived as not being part of a streak ), the gambler's fallacy did not occur.

False dilemma can arise intentionally, when fallacy is used in an attempt to force a choice ( such as, in some contexts, the assertion that " if you are not with us, you are against us ").

The fallacy is exposed when the omissions are supplied.

Slippery slope fallacies occur when this is not done — an argument that supports the relevant premises is not fallacious and thus isn't a slippery slope fallacy.

But the statements do not give the meaning of the term " yellow ", and ( Moore argues ) to confuse them with a definition of " yellow " would be to commit the same fallacy that is committed when " Pleasure is good " is confused with a definition of " good ".

Views such as this, however, are often criticized as examples of the naturalistic fallacy, when reasoning jumps from descriptions about what is to prescriptions about what ought to be.

Critics claim that these theories, when used as an explanation for fine-tuning, commit the inverse gambler's fallacy.

The fallacy of petitio principii, or " begging the question ", is committed " when a proposition which requires proof is assumed without proof ", or more generally denotes when an assumption is used, " in some form of the very proposition to be proved, as a premise from which to deduce it ".

* Division ( logical fallacy ), when one reasons logically that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts

The fallacy of the undistributed middle is a logical fallacy that is committed when the middle term in a categorical syllogism is not distributed.