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fundamental and difficulty
The fundamental difficulty of which the Selden case was `` a striking ( though not singular ) example '', concluded Hough, `` will remain as long as testimony is taken without any authoritative judicial officer present, and responsible for the maintenance of discipline, and the reception or exclusion of testimony ''.
The fundamental difficulty in risk assessment is determining the rate of occurrence since statistical information is not available on all kinds of past incidents.
Manufacturers have difficulty producing crystals thin enough to produce fundamental frequencies over 30 MHz.
After the first chapter, which simply outlines past ideas and accepted rules regarding the heart and lungs, Harvey moves on to a fundamental premise to his treatise, stating that it was extremely important to study the heart when it was active in order to truly comprehend its true movement ; a task which even he found of great difficulty, as he says:
A fundamental difficulty of studying ancient history is that recorded histories cannot document the entirety of human events, and only a fraction of those documents have survived into the present day.
A fundamental difficulty with focus groups ( and other forms of qualitative research ) is the issue of observer dependency: the results obtained are influenced by the researcher or his own reading of the group's discussion, raising questions of validity ( see Experimenter's bias ).
One fundamental difficulty is that the set of all possible behaviors given all possible inputs is too large to be included in the set of observed examples ( training data ).
Another reason for the system's difficulty is the many and various ways in which the system can be interpreted, and the complex possibilities of the mathematical permutations of various of the letters, tables and diagrams fundamental to the system.
Given this fundamental logical difficulty, there has been very little experimental investigation by parapsychologists of retrocognition.
However, one fundamental difficulty with the LFR technology is the avoidance of shading of incoming solar radiation and blocking of reflected solar radiation by adjacent reflectors.
Another fundamental difference is the difficulty in defining entropy in macroscopic terms for systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Such a fundamental immorality justifies any difficulty or expense to bring to an end.
This fundamental difficulty is referred to as the inverse problem.
The difficulty is that here a judgment based on fundamental science requires the knowledge of quantum electrodynamics however most of noise scientists are solid state physicists or engineers.
The 19th-century German Sanskritist Theodore Goldstücker was one of the early figures to notice the similarities between Spinoza's religious conceptions and the Vedanta tradition of India, writing that Spinoza's thought was "... a western system of philosophy which occupies a foremost rank amongst the philosophies of all nations and ages, and which is so exact a representation of the ideas of the Vedanta, that we might have suspected its founder to have borrowed the fundamental principles of his system from the Hindus, did his biography not satisfy us that he was wholly unacquainted with their doctrines ... We mean the philosophy of Spinoza, a man whose very life is a picture of that moral purity and intellectual indifference to the transitory charms of this world, which is the constant longing of the true Vedanta philosopher ... comparing the fundamental ideas of both we should have no difficulty in proving that, had Spinoza been a Hindu, his system would in all probability mark a last phase of the Vedanta philosophy.

fundamental and describing
* The first is the theory of conformism, based on Solomon Asch conformity experiments, describing the fundamental relationship between the group of reference and the individual person.
From a fundamental physics perspective, mass is the number describing under which the representation of the little group of the Poincaré group a particle transforms.
File: Dirac 4. jpg | Paul Dirac ( 1902-1984 ): made fundamental contributions to the early development of quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics, formulated the Dirac equation describing the behavior of fermions, predicted the existence of antimatter, shared the1933 Nobel Prize in Physics with Erwin Schrödinger,
In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics ( QCD ) is a theory of the strong interaction ( color force ), a fundamental force describing the interactions between quarks and gluons which make up hadrons ( such as the proton, neutron or pion ).
All the theories describing fundamental interactions, except gravitation whose quantum counterpart is presently under very active research, are renormalizable theories.
Quantum gravity ( QG ) is the field of theoretical physics which attempts to develop scientific models that unify quantum mechanics ( describing three of the four known fundamental interactions ) with general relativity ( describing the fourth, gravity ).
One suggested starting point is ordinary quantum field theories which, after all, are successful in describing the other three basic fundamental forces in the context of the standard model of elementary particle physics.
The fundamental equation describing the behavior of the gyroscope is:
Equations involving derivatives are called differential equations and are fundamental in describing natural phenomena.
Altogether, thirty-one of its 103 articles are devoted to describing them in considerable detail, reflecting the commitment to " respect for the fundamental human rights " of the Potsdam Declaration.
In a rare speech on the intelligence agencies, he praised the key role played by SIS and GCHQ in bringing Gaddafi ’ s 42-year dictatorship to an end, describing them as ‘ vital assets ’ with a ‘ fundamental and indispensable role ’ in keeping the nation safe.
Thus, in Descartes work, we can see some of the fundamental assumptions of modern cosmology in evidence-the project of examing the historical construction of the universe through a set of quantitative laws describing interactions which would allow the ordered present to be constructed from a chaotic past.
Kermode elaborates on this in terms of imitation, describing it as " one of the fundamental laws of literary history " because it " gives literary history a meaning in terms of itself, and provides the channels of literary tradition ".
His two main projects in this area has just recently been released entitled Biopower and Biopolitics, it relates to the practice of modern Nation states and their regulation of their subjects through " an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations " and also by describing Biopower: " By this I mean a number of phenomena that seem to me to be quite significant, namely, the set of mechanisms through which the basic biological features of the human species became the object of a political strategy, of a general strategy of power, or, in other words, how, starting from the 18th century, modern Western societies took on board the fundamental biological fact that human beings are a species.
* Mission: Defines the fundamental purpose of an organization or an enterprise, succinctly describing why it exists and what it does to achieve its vision.
In such circumstances, analysts such as physicists, economists, and behavioral psychologists apply simplifying assumptions in order to devise or explain an analytical framework that does not necessarily prove cause and effect but is still useful for describing fundamental concepts within a realm of inquiry.
Instead of describing the fundamental differences of class in terms of property, Dahrendorf claims that we must “ replace the possession, or nonpossesion, of effective private property by the exercise of, or exclusion from, authority as the criterion of class formation ”.
The original standard model of particle physics from the 1970s contained 19 fundamental dimensionless constants describing the masses of the particles and the strengths of the electroweak and strong forces.
The essential idea is that coordinates do not exist a priori in nature, but are only artifices used in describing nature, and hence should play no role in the formulation of fundamental physical laws.
# That phenomena are reducible to fundamental particles and laws describing the behaviour of particles, or more generally to any static ( i. e. unchanging ) entities, whether separate events in space-time, quantum states, or static entities of some other nature.
He spent two years discussing plans with the local Quaker group ( York Monthly Meeting ) describing the fundamental principles of the proposed institution.
The term ' classical field theory ' is commonly reserved for describing those physical theories that describe electromagnetism and gravitation, two of the fundamental forces of nature.
Beyond the challenges of quantum effects and cosmology, research on general relativity is rich with possibilities for further exploration: mathematical relativists explore the nature of singularities and the fundamental properties of Einstein's equations, ever more comprehensive computer simulations of specific spacetimes ( such as those describing merging black holes ) are run, and the race for the first direct detection of gravitational waves continues apace.

fundamental and systems
The fundamental objects of study in algebraic geometry are algebraic varieties, geometric manifestations of solutions of systems of polynomial equations.
Laissez-faire advocates criticize the term as an ideologically motivated attempt to cast what is in their view the fundamental problem of government intervention or “ investments ” as an avoidable aberration ; free-market advocates refer to governmental favoritism as " crony socialism ", " venture socialism " or " corporatism, a modern form of mercantilism " to emphasize that the only way to run a profitable business in such systems is to have help from corrupt government officials.
* Physical chemistry is the study of the physical fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes.
* Physical chemistry – study of the physical and fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes.
Collation is a fundamental element of most office filing systems, library catalogs and reference books.
For dyslexia intervention with alphabet writing systems the fundamental aim is to increase a child's awareness of correspondences between graphemes and phonemes, and to relate these to reading and spelling.
His fundamental theories on the etiology and diagnosis of psychiatric disorders form the basis of all major diagnostic systems in use today, especially the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-IV and the World Health Organization's ICD system.
Two fundamental assumptions that underlie formal education systems are that students ( a ) retain knowledge and skills they acquire in school, and ( b ) can apply them in situations outside the classroom.
Natural constants, multiples of ten, and Latin derivations formed the fundamental blocks from which the new systems were built.
Different state constitutions ( fundamental laws ) establish different political systems, but four major types of heads of state can be distinguished:
** for their fundamental contributions to performance analysis and optimization of stochastic systems
Gödel's incompleteness theorems are two fundamental theorems of mathematical logic which state inherent limitations of all but the most trivial axiomatic systems for mathematics.
In most systems of measurement, the unit of length is a fundamental unit, from which other units are defined.
It has since been shown that many of the performance problems of earlier designs were not a fundamental requirement of the concept, but instead due to the designer's desire to use single-purpose systems to implement as many of these services as possible.
Many find it extremely counterintuitive to suppose that fundamental physical systems have phenomenal properties: e. g. that there is something it is like to be an electron ".
However, some legal scholars criticize this, because generally, in the legal systems of Continental Europe where the maxim was first developed, " penal law " was taken to mean statutory penal law, so as to create a guarantee to the individual, considered as a fundamental right, that he would not be prosecuted for an action or omission that was not considered a crime according to the statutes passed by the legislators in force at the time of the action or omission, and that only those penalties that were in place when the infringement took place would be applied.
Other conventions may have a different number of fundamental units ( e. g. the CGS and MKS systems of units ).
This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary.
No theory, they said – especially when concerning human society or psychology – was capable of reducing phenomena to elemental systems or abstract patterns, nor could abstract systems be dismissed as secondary derivatives of a fundamental nature: systemization, phenomena, and values were part of each other.
Diverse systems with the same critical exponents — that is, which display identical scaling behaviour as they approach criticality — can be shown, via renormalization group theory, to share the same fundamental dynamics.
Section 508 § 1194. 3 General exceptions describe exceptions for national security ( e. g., most of the primary systems used by the National Security Agency ( NSA )), incidental items not procured as work products, individual requests for non-public access, fundamental alteration of a product's key requirements, or maintenance access.
In applied mathematics, semigroups are fundamental models for linear time-invariant systems.
The relational interpretation makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems ; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction evolution, and all may be considered " observers.

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