The senior policy officer may be moved to think hard about a problem by any of an infinite variety of stimuli: an idea in his own head, the suggestions of a colleague, a question from the Secretary or the President, a proposal by another department, a communication from a foreign government or an American ambassador abroad, the filing of an item for the agenda of the United Nations or of any other of dozens of international bodies, a news item read at the breakfast table, a question to the President or the Secretary at a news conference, a speech by a Senator or Congressman, an article in a periodical, a resolution from a national organization, a request for assistance from some private American interests abroad, et cetera, ad infinitum.

The President appoints the government members ( ministers ) at the proposal of the Prime Minister.

A modified version of this proposal was accepted by Cromwell and the Council of Officers and less than a month after the dissolution of the Rump, during May 1653, letters in the name of the Lord-General and the Army Council were sent to Congregational churches in every county in England to nominate those they considered fit to take part in the new government.

The fatwā was issued following a two-day meeting of more than a hundred ulama to consider the pros and cons of the proposal addressed by government ministers, scientists and critics.

) Scullin was equally insistent that the monarch must act on the relevant Prime Minister's direct advice ( the practice until 1926 was that Dominion prime ministers advised the monarch indirectly, through the British government, which effectively had a veto over any proposal it did not agree with ).

* 1976-Inuit present the Nunavut proposal to the Federal government

Madison led the unsuccessful attempt in Congress to block Hamilton's proposal, arguing that the new Constitution did not explicitly allow the federal government to form a bank.

Bonnet had Havas issued a statement at midnight on 1 September saying :" The French government has today, as have several other Governments, received an Italian proposal looking to the resolution of Europe's difficulties.

The proposal included American recognition of Manchukuo, the merging of Chiang's government with the Japan-backed Reorganized National Government of China, withdrawal of Japanese troops from China and mutual respect for its independence, and even an agreement that Japanese immigration to the United States shall proceed " on the basis of equality with other nationals and free from discrimination ".

While recognizing Morocco's administrative control of Western Sahara, and generally supportive of the Moroccan government, the United States has not endorsed the country's claim of sovereignty over Western Sahara, but it does support Morocco's autonomy proposal.

* 1980 – In a referendum in Quebec, the population rejects by a 60 % vote the proposal from its government to move towards independence from Canada.

The proposal presented by the government was that if GE created an American-owned radio company, then the Army and Navy would effect a monopoly of long-distance radio communications via this company.

In November 2004, the FARC-EP had rejected a proposal to hand over 59 of its captives in exchange for 50 guerrillas imprisoned by the government.

The standing of Heffron's government suffered when the electors rejected its proposal to abolish the New South Wales Legislative Council at a referendum in April 1961, being the first time Labor had lost a state electoral poll in 20 years.

However, in 1980 North Korea had submitted a " one nation, two system " reunification proposal which was met with a suggestion from the South to meet and prepare a unification constitution and government through a referendum.

Such a popular initiative is formulated as a precise new text ( general proposal initiatives have been canceled in 2009 ) whose wording can no longer be changed by parliament and the government.

Voters will decide in a national vote whether to accept the initiative amendment, the counter proposal put forward by the government if any, or both.

The United States backed this proposal by putting pressure on the British government through the selling of sterling, which would cause it to depreciate.

The foreign secretary of the British Indian government, Henry McMahon, who had drawn up the proposal, decided to bypass the Chinese ( although instructed not to by his superiors ) and settle the border bilaterally by negotiating directly with Tibet.

Lenin again pressed the new Soviet government to sign this proposal and carry out these new terms.

This time Lenin had a majority with him on the Central Committee and the Soviet government sent George V. Chichern and Lev Karakhan to head a new delegation to the peace conference with instructions to sign this proposal.

As of August 2012 the government, bearing in mind the potential loss in VRT ( Vehicle Registration Tax ) revenue on new cars, are considering the proposal for inplementation.

The proposal covered a wide range of issues related to Kosovo's future, in particular measures to protect Kosovo's non-Albanian communities such as decentralization of government, protection of Serbian Orthodox Church heritage and institutional protections for non-Albanian communities, which would remain in place for at least three years.

In early 2010, a government proposal to remove 705 ha of land on the Te Ahumata Plateau ( called " White Cliffs " by the locals ) from Schedule 4 of the Crown Minerals Act, which gives protection from the mining of public land, was widely criticised.

Since the details of the elections were settled the change of government had no direct effect on the technical aspects of the elections, and may have been more important as an indication of royal displeasure with the U.N.F.P.

Our presence here should also be considered further, sincere evidence of the attempts by our people and their chosen government to seek any and all possible ways to effect closer, peaceful ties among all people.

) This was changed because a government study showed that many people were in effect " saving up " their units and using them at the end of the week, a phenomenon referred to as binge drinking.

In March 1880, a report reached India that Abdur Rahman was in northern Afghanistan ; and the governor-general, Lord Lytton, opened communications with him to the effect that the British government were prepared to withdraw their troops, and to recognize Abdur Rahman as Amir of Afghanistan, with the exception of Kandahar and some districts adjacent to it.

The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act of 1858 to this effect, which set up the structure of British government in India.

Although the system established by the Sitges agreement was phased out by 1974, the 1886 Colombian constitution — in effect until 1991 — required that the losing political party be given adequate and equitable participation in the government which, according to many observers and later analysis, eventually resulted in some increase in corruption and legal relaxation.

A subsequent attempt by the government to re-establish control over the rebellious islands by force failed, and presently the African Union is brokering negotiations to effect a reconciliation.

The government of Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru hastily cobbled together the legislation to bring the Imperial Household in compliance with the American-written Constitution of Japan that went into effect in May 1947.

Politics of Gabon takes place in a framework of a republic whereby the President of Gabon is head of state and in effect, also the head of government, since he appoints the prime minister and his cabinet.

# When the newly elected Reichstag first convened on March 23, 1933, ( not including the Communist delegates, since their party had already been banned by that time ) it passed the Enabling Act ( Ermächtigungsgesetz ), transferring all legislative powers to the Nazi government and, in effect, abolishing the remainder of the Weimar constitution as a whole.

In the chapter on Vietnam in The Frightened Country, his 1979 book on Australian foreign policy, Renouf bluntly suggested that Holt was in effect " seduced " by Johnson, and notes that the Johnson administration criticized the Holt government for not doing enough and repeatedly pressured Australia to increase its troop commitment in Vietnam.

Since the passage of the Human Rights Act 1998, the courts have been able to declare an Act of Parliament to be incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights, but such a declaration of incompatibility has no legal effect unless and until it is acted upon by the government.

As part of the government reform, the Orthodox Church was partially incorporated into the country's administrative structure, in effect making it a tool of the state.

Upon the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, the government of Luxembourg observed its neutrality and issued an official proclamation to that effect on September 6, 1939.

)" The spanish individualist anarchist Miguel Gimenez Igualada thought that "" capitalism is an effect of government ; the disappearance of government means capitalism falls from its pedestal vertiginously ... That which we call capitalism is not something else but a product of the State, within which the only thing that is being pushed forward is profit, good or badly acquired.

The Long Parliament comprised " a set of the greatest geniuses for government, that the world ever saw embarked together in one common cause " and whose actions produced an effect, which, at the time, made their country the wonder and admiration of the world, and is still felt and exhibited far beyond the borders of that country, in the progress of reform, and the advancement of popular liberty.

Some state governments controlled by the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, including that of Terengganu, have passed Islamic laws, but these have not gone into effect due to opposition from the federal government.

" The superiority of reward is not here the consequence of competition, but of its absence: not a compensation for disadvantages inherent in the employment, but an extra advantage ; a kind of monopoly price, the effect not of a legal, but of what has been termed a natural monopoly ... independently of ... artificial monopolies grants by government, there is a natural monopoly in favour of skilled labourers against the unskilled, which makes the difference of reward exceed, sometimes in a manifold proportion, what is sufficient merely to equalize their advantages.

President Ortega's decision to support radical regimes such as Iran and Cuba, his harsh rhetoric against the United States and capitalism, and his use of government institutions to persecute political enemies and their businesses, has had a negative effect on perceptions of country risk, which by some accounts has quadrupled since he assumed office.

This would mean the government of Niger would carry out scheduled parliamentary elections in September, two months early, and a referendum on a new constitution before Presidential elections which can take place no later than December, assuming the 1999 constitution is in effect.

A new government and constitution went into effect in 1978 after being approved in a 1977 referendum.

Certain citizens who had become prominent enough to safely criticize the Soviet government, such as Andrei Sakharov, did speak out against nuclear weapons, but that was to little effect.

When George I succeeded to the British throne in 1714, his German ministers advised him to leave the office of Lord High Treasurer vacant because those who had held it in recent years had grown overly powerful, in effect, replacing the Sovereign as head of the government.

* When the majority of the Assembly sides with him, the President can take a more active role and may, in effect, direct government policy.