Similarly, a joint-product model analyzes the collaborative effect of joining a private good to a public good.

Its joint-product television commercials were produced by Jay Ward, a major producer of animated television series.

MPEG audio compression analyzes the transformed data according to a psychoacoustic model that describes the human ear's sensitivity to parts of the signal, similar to the TV model.

One common statistical model used for fMRI data analysis is the univariate GLM model, which analyzes each voxel's data separately.

*, integrates Argyris, March and Olsen and another model by Kofman into a single comprehensive model ; further, he analyzes all the possible breakdowns in the information flows in the model, leading to failures in organizational learning ; for instance, what happens if an individual action is rejected by the organization for political or other reasons and therefore no organizational action takes place?

The optimal diet model, which analyzes the behavior of a forager that encounters different types of prey and must choose which to attack.

She analyzes the androcracy ( governance of social organization dominated by males ) of Indo-European and other societies, versus what she proposes was a partnership model ( as distinct from matriarchy ) for the social organization of Neolithic Europe and the later Minoan civilization that flourished in prehistoric Neolithic Crete.

This approach analyzes multiple forecasts created with an individual forecast model or multiple models.

* Cross-validation: By splitting the data in multiple parts we can check if analyzes ( like a fitted model ) based on one part of the data generalize to another part of the data as well.

Inspired by Wikipedia's collaborative writing model, Rampton founded Disinfopedia ( now known as SourceWatch ), another CMD project, to complement his PR Watch work to expose what Rampton perceives as deceptive and misleading public relations campaigns.

MITRE improved on that model by hosting the collaborative session on a server that each user logged into.

It is widely agreed to distinguish collaborative learning from the traditional ' direct transfer ' model in which the instructor is assumed to be the distributor of knowledge and skills, which is often given the neologism E-Learning 1. 0, even though this direct transfer method most accurately reflects Computer-Based Learning systems ( CBL ).

CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U. S. and worldwide using a standards driven, open-licensed, web-based, collaborative content aggregation model.

Additionally, the methods used by the H. 261 development committee to collaboratively develop the standard have remained the basic operating process for subsequent standardization work in the field ( see S. Okubo, " Reference model methodology-A tool for the collaborative creation of video coding standards ", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.

CMT is a non-formal theory based on work by many researchers to create a collaborative process model for hindsight bias that involves event outcomes.

Lazarsfeld's other significant contributions consisted of constructing the institutions for academic sociology in the United States, including the " shop model " of collaborative research.

Today instruction methods have changed drastically from the mostly one-directional teacher-student model, to a more collaborative approach where the students themselves feel empowered.

This aids in collaborative development efforts where team members may not have direct access to Umbrello, or in cases where model contents should be published on a web site.

* In Niven's collaborative novel Fallen Angels, a science fiction fan has a life-sized model of a Puppeteer skeleton ; to escape prosecution from religious authorities, he claims that it is really a model of a demon's skeleton.

An example of this technique is Joseph Nechvatal's Viral symphOny: a collaborative electronic noise music symphony created between the years 2006 and 2008 using custom artificial life C ++ software based on a viral model.

The single listener model in OpenAL is tailored to a single human user and is not fit for artificial intelligence or robotic simulations or multiple human participants as in collaborative musical performances.

Recommender systems or recommendation systems ( sometimes replacing " system " with a synonym such as platform or engine ) are a subclass of information filtering system that seek to predict the ' rating ' or ' preference ' that a user would give to an item ( such as music, books, or movies ) or social element ( e. g. people or groups ) they had not yet considered, using a model built from the characteristics of an item ( content-based approaches ) or the user's social environment ( collaborative filtering approaches ).

User-based collaborative filtering attempts to model the social process of asking a friend for a recommendation.

More specifically, collaborative learning is based on the model that knowledge can be created within a population where members actively interact by sharing experiences and take on asymmetry roles.

The SI leaders model good study strategies and encourage collaborative learning.

This collaborative management model follows that of the Tornado programme closely.

The collaborative design effort between Rhoads, Grover Jackson, Tim Wilson, and Mike Shannon resulted in the creation of the Concorde, an innovative revamp of the traditional Flying V. The Rhoads guitar model designs were such a departure from Charvel's Stratocaster-based models that Grover elected to label them with his own name.

* The crowdsourcing model, in which a company outsources work to a large group of market players using a collaborative online platform.

The group was run on a collaborative model.

The model emphasises collaborative work with the client, and focuses on the understanding of the patterns of maladaptive behaviours.

The EAST model is grounded in solid pedagogical theory related to the use of technology as a catalyst for learning, collaborative learning, and performance-based learning.

In order to focus clearly upon the operation of this one force, which we may call the effect of `` public-limit pricing '' on `` key '' wage bargains, we deliberately simplify the model by abstracting from other forces, such as union power, which may be relevant in an actual situation.

For the industry of this model, the effect of such public pressures in the past has been to hold the price well below the short-run profit-maximizing price ( given the wage rate and the level of GNP ), and even below the entry-limited price ( but not below average cost ).

Eta-squared is a biased estimator of the variance explained by the model in the population ( it estimates only the effect size in the sample ).

Aberrations occur because the simple paraxial theory is not a completely accurate model of the effect of an optical system on light, rather than due to flaws in the optical elements.

Both types of effect, if needed, are made by appearance-oriented adjustment of the reflection model.

They show that this model, when optimized for single-step decision making, produces Belief Anchoring and Polarization of opinions-exactly as described in the global warming controversy context-in spite of identical evidence presented, the pre-existing beliefs ( or evidence presented first ) has an overwhelming effect on the beliefs formed.

In modern theoretical physics, the Casimir effect plays an important role in the chiral bag model of the nucleon ; and in applied physics, it is significant in some aspects of emerging microtechnologies and nanotechnologies.

During a NASA wind tunnel test, a model of the Space Shuttle is targeted by a beam of electrons, simulating the effect of ion izing gases during re-entry.

In the most basic model, cause ( X ) leads to effect ( Y ).

In the 20th century German chemist Walther Nernst proposed a mathematical model to determine the effect of reactant concentration on electrochemical cell potential.

In their model, an environmental stimulus can have a very great effect on IQ, even for adults, but this effect also decays over time unless the stimulus continues ( the model could be adapted to include possible factors, like nutrition during early childhood, that may cause permanent effects ).

Simple presentations of the greenhouse effect, such as the idealized greenhouse model, show this heat being lost as thermal radiation.

Due to this difficulty, and due to the lack of any observed effect of grand unification so far, there is no generally accepted GUT model.

In either model, the second effect then follows from the first — either too little confidence forcing an increase in the money supply, or too much money destroying confidence.

In this model, the context serves as a cue for retrieval, and the recency effect is greatly caused by the factor of context.

Also, subsequent experiments as the Sagnac effect ( 1913 ) also showed that is model is untenable.

* Causal model, an abstract model that uses cause and effect logic

In general, the main results from this theory compare price-fixing methods across market structures, analyze the effect of a certain structure on welfare, and vary technological / demand assumptions in order to assess the consequences for an abstract model of society.

Rod Beckstrom presented a mathematical model for describing networks that are in a state of positive network effect at BlackHat and Defcon in 2009 and also presented the " inverse network effect " with an economic model for defining it as well.