In times when the Soviet Union still existed, the earlier katorga system of penal labor camps was replaced by a new one that was controlled by the GULAG state agency.

The Gulag and its tsarist predecessor, the katorga system, provided slave-type penal labor to develop forestry, logging and mining industries, construction enterprises, as well as highways and railroads across Siberia.

After the change in Russian penal law in 1847, exile and katorga became common penalties to the participants of national uprisings within the Russian Empire.

In 1943, the term katorga works ( каторжные работы ) was reintroduced.

The other group that was sent to Siberia consisted of prisoners exiled from Western Russia or Russian-held territories like Poland ( see katorga ).

In 1943 the term " katorga works " ( каторжные работы ) was reintroduced.

* Decembrists: initial verdict was 16 persons for termless katorga, 5 persons for 10 years, 15 persons for 6 years.

In 1906, when she was 16 years old, Kaplan was arrested in Kiev over her involvement in a terrorist bomb plot, and committed for life to the katorga system ( a form of forced labour ).

On April 3, 1881 five Pervomartovtsy were hanged ( except for Gelfman, whose execution had been postponed due to her pregnancy and was later exchanged for katorga for indefinite period of time ; she nevertheless died of a post-natal complication in prison ).

Lagovski was sentenced to 6 years of katorga.

Antonov was given 20 years of katorga spending them first in the Schlisselburg fortress and then in Vladimirsky Central.

He was found guilty on January 8, 1873, and sentenced to 20 years of katorga ( hard labor ) for killing Ivanov.

Three months later, thanks to the campaign against her execution by Socialists in Western Europe and in the foreign press, her sentence was exchanged for an indefinite period of katorga and she was transferred back to the remand prison where she had been held before.

The road was built during 1898 – 1909 with nearly exclusive usage of katorga prison labor.

Kara katorga ( Russian: Карийская каторга, Kariyskaya katorga ) was the name for a set of katorga prisons of extremely high security located along the Kara River in Transbaikalia ( a tributary of the Shilka River, flowing into it at Ust-Karsk ) and part of the system of Nerchinsk katorga.

As a consequence, the Kara katorga was closed, and the use of corporal punishment against imprisoned women and dvorians was abolished by the law of March 28, 1893.

Although only involved in propaganda work, she was arrested in 1881, found guilty of being a member of an illegal organization and sentenced to an open-ended katorga in 1881.

In 1882, Kovalskaya was transferred to the Kara katorga.

Her feat ( she voluntarily renounced all wealth and privileges and subjected herself to hard life in katorga ) was subject of famous poem by Nekrasov.

The Supreme Criminal Court sentenced Ishutin to death by hanging, which would be exchanged for the open-ended katorga right before his execution.

: Imperial Russia operated a system of remote Siberian forced labor camps as part of its regular judicial system, called katorga.

The term was in use earlier, in Imperial Russia, in two meanings: free settlement of peasants or cossacks ( in the sense of being free from serfdom ) and non-confined exile settlement ( e. g., after serving a katorga term ).

* Joseph Stalin escaped twice, in 1902 and 1908, before being finally confined in a katorga on the Yenisei River 1913-1917, finally being released at the time of the February Revolution

The first five were hanged on May 8, 1887, the rest were sentenced to prison, banishment, or katorga.

In 1891 Anton Chekhov, the Russian writer and playwright, visited the katorga settlements in Sakhalin island in the Russian Far East and wrote about the conditions there in his book Sakhalin Island.

* Sakhalin katorga ( Сахалинская каторга )

Akatuy katorga prison ( Russian: Акатуйская каторжная тюрьма, Akatuyskaya katorzhnaya tyur ' ma ) was part of the Nerchinsk katorga system of the Russian Empire in the Nerchinsk okrug of Transbaikalia.

The outpost served as an administrative center for managing katorga, prisons, exile settlements, and the whole island until the October Revolution.

In 1871, Ishutin was relocated to the Nerchinsk katorga and then to the Kara katorga in 1875, where he would finally die in 1879.

Two of the members of Narodnaya Volya were sentenced to death ( Rogachev and Shtromberg ), other five-eternal katorga, other six-15 to 20 years of katorga, and one of them-exile to Siberia.

Nerchinsk katorga ( Russian: Нерчинская каторга, Nerchinskaya katorga ) was a katorga system of the Russian Empire in the Nerchinsk okrug of Transbaikalia ( today's Chita Oblast ), between rivers Shilka and Argun, near the border to Mongolia, in 18th-20th centuries.

This led to increasing numbers of Poles being sent to Siberia for katorga, where they were known as Sybiraks.

They were initially intended for Nazi collaborators, but then other categories of political prisoners ( for example, members of deported peoples who fled from exile ) were also sentenced to " katorga works ".

They were initially intended for Nazi collaborators but other categories of political prisoners ( for example, members of deported peoples who fled from exile ) were also sentenced to " katorga works ".

In 1943, during World War II, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union issued the decree Presidium " О мерах наказания для немецко-фашистских злодеев, виновных в истязаниях советского гражданского населения и пленных красноармейцев, для шпионов, изменников родины из числа советских граждан и для их пособников ", in which section 2 provided punishment with katorga works for 15 to 25 years.

The chief of the katorga ordered corporal punishment for a female prisoner of the Ust-Kara settlement, Nadezhda Sigida, 27 years old, a member of Narodnaya Volya.

His sentence was later exchanged for eternal katorga.

Trubetskoy was sentenced to death but the sentence was changed to katorga for life in Nerchinsk coal mines.

According to Anne Applebaum, approximately 6000 katorga convicts were serving sentences in 1906 and 28, 600 in 1916.

Prisoners sentenced to " katorga works " were sent to Gulag prison camps with the most harsh regime and many of them perished.

* The Glorious Sea-Sacred Baikal ( in ) is about a katorga fugitive.

: 1. A similar network of forced labour camps, known as katorga, existed in the Russian Empire since the early 18th century.

The most common occupations in katorga camps were mining and timber works.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, in his book about the Soviet era labor camps, Gulag Archipelago, quoted Chekhov extensively to illustrate the enormous deterioration of living conditions of the inmates in the Soviet era compared with those of the katorga inmates of Chekhov's time.

Prisoners sentenced to " katorga works " were sent to Gulag prison camps with the most harsh regime and many of them died.

: The Soviet Union took over the already extensive katorga system and expanded it immensely, eventually organizing the Gulag to run the camps.