The data provide a measure of the total mass of cosmic material incident upon the Earth.

Because the majority of diversity and biomass on Earth is microbial, and thus difficult to measure, recorded extinction events affect the easily observed, biologically complex component of the biosphere rather than the total diversity and abundance of life.

Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system.

But in measuring a wavy fractal curve such as the one in Figure 2, one would never find a small enough straight segment to conform to the curve, because the wavy pattern would always re-appear, albeit at a smaller size, essentially pulling a little more of the tape measure into the total length measured each time one attempted to fit it tighter and tighter to the curve.

Depending on whether total passengers, flights or cargo traffic are used as a measure, it ranks first, second or third in Europe alongside London Heathrow Airport and Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport.

Economists measure labour in terms of hours worked, total wages, or efficiency.

A probability measure is a measure with total measure one ( i. e., ); a probability space is a measure space with a probability measure.

If μ is not a positive measure, then N is μ-null if N is | μ |- null, where | μ | is the total variation of μ ; equivalently, if every measurable subset A of N satisfies μ ( A )

It is calculated by taking a measure of all sources of income in the aggregate ( such as GDP or Gross National Income ) and dividing it by the total population.

For instance, Amr ibn al-As, after conquering Egypt, set up a census to measure the population for the jizya, and thus the total expected jizya revenue for the whole province, but organized the actual collection by partitioning the population into wealth classes, so that the rich paid more and the poor less jizya of that total sum.

This fact can also be seen by observing that the total variation of the Lebesgue measure is infinite.

It has been shown that this feature is a general measure of the size of the star, and thus of the total luminosity output from the star.

In general, any particular instrument will operate over a small portion of this total range because of the different techniques used to measure different portions of the spectrum.

Another measure of the speed of a Teletype machine was in total " operations per minute ( OPM )".

The measure of fineness usually used is the " specific surface area ", which is the total particle surface area of a unit mass of cement.

One quantitative measure of salt tolerance is the " total dissolved solids " in irrigation water that a plant can tolerate.

Further developments have produced improved estimation methods for the same stability measure, the variance / deviation of frequency, but these are known by separate names such as the Hadamard variance, modified Hadamard variance, the total variance, modified total variance and the Theo variance.

It is conservative, in that if it were used to measure the individual losses of several long fibers, and the long fibers were concatenated, the total loss obtained ( excluding splice losses ) would be expected to be lower than the sum of the individual fiber losses.

Although MacDougall's results varied considerably from " 21 grams ", for some people this figure has become synonymous with the measure of a soul's mass.

* Weighing scale, also known as a balance, a type of device used to measure the mass of an object.

The energy needed to increase the temperature of a given mass of water by 1 ° C at atmospheric pressure depends on the starting temperature and is difficult to measure precisely.

where m is the mass and k is the spring constant that represents a measure of spring stiffness.

* Gamma is a non-SI metric unit of measure of mass equal to one microgram ( 1 μg ).

The Dust Detector Subsystem ( DDS ) was used to measure the mass, electric charge, and velocity of incoming particles.

A powder scale is needed to determine the correct mass thrown by the powder measure, as loads are specified with a precision of 0. 10 grain ( 6. 5 mg ).

That the several states composing the United States of America are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government ; but that, by compact, under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States, and of amendments thereto, they constituted a general government for special purposes, delegated to that government certain definite powers, reserving, each state to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self-government ; and that whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force ; that to this compact each state acceded as a state, and is an integral party, its co-States forming, as to itself, the other party ; that this government, created by this compact, was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself, since that would have made its discretion, and not the Constitution, the measure of its powers ; but that, as in all other cases of compact among powers having no common judge, each party has an equal right to judge for itself, as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress.

In physics, mass ( from Greek " barley cake, lump ( of dough )"), more specifically inertial mass, is a quantitative measure of an object's resistance to acceleration.

In addition to this, gravitational mass is a measure of magnitude of the gravitational force which is

* Inertial mass is a measure of an object's resistance to changing its state of motion when a force is applied.

* Active gravitational mass is a measure of the strength of an object ’ s gravitational flux ( gravitational flux is equal to the surface integral of gravitational field over an enclosing surface ).

* Passive gravitational mass is a measure of the strength of an object's interaction with a gravitational field.

* Linear density, a measure of mass per unit of length

In classical mechanics, moment of inertia, also called mass moment, rotational inertia, polar moment of inertia of mass, or the angular mass, ( SI units kg · m² ) is a measure of an object's resistance to changes to its rotation.

The mass fraction of isotactic ( mm ) triads is a common quantitative measure of tacticity.

The most effective method to distinguish walking from running is to measure the height of a person's center of mass using motion capture or a force plate at midstance.

Although mass is easy to measure, the volume of an irregularly shaped sample can be more difficult to ascertain.

Sediment traps are often used to measure rates of marsh surface accretion when short term deployments ( e. g. less than one month ) are required.

For longer term studies ( e. g. more than one year ) researchers may prefer to measure sediment accretion with marker horizon plots.

Microlensing has also been proposed as a means to find dark objects like brown dwarfs and black holes, study starspots, measure stellar rotation, and probe quasars including their accretion disks.

It was used to measure the amount of meteoritic dust particles and the momentum of these particles.

The ultimate objective of American policy is to help establish a world in which there is the largest possible measure of freedom and justice and peace and material prosperity ; ;

I make no attempt to measure the enduring satisfaction and material well-being of a man who went to work on graduation from high school and was highly successful in the business which he entered.

In physics and optics, the Abbe number, also known as the V-number or constringence of a transparent material, is a measure of the material's dispersion ( variation of refractive index with wavelength ) in relation to the refractive index, with high values of V indicating low dispersion ( low chromatic aberration ).

Calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measure the interaction of a material and heat.

Visible light has energy on the scale of 1 eV and is used as a scattering probe to measure variations in material properties such as dielectric constant and refractive index.

In addition to the raw material quality, also the production process itself is an effective quality assurance measure.

Now brewers were able to accurately measure the yield of the malt they used, and it was noticed that brown malt, though cheaper than pale malt, only produced about two thirds as much fermentable material.

They measure the success of governance and specific policies by examining many factors, including stability, justice, material wealth, and peace.

Ultrasonic time-domain reflectometers ( which send an ultrasonic pulse through a material and measure reflections from discontinuities ) could find flaws inside cast metal and stone objects, improving structural safety.

This predictability allows the relative abundances of related nuclides to be used as a clock to measure the time from the incorporation of the original nuclides into a material to the present.

The simplest method to measure the electrical resistance of a sample of some material is to place it in an electrical circuit in series with a current source I and measure the resulting voltage V across the sample.

* Smoke-developed index, a measure of the concentration of smoke a material emits as it burns

Expected to make use of devices with which listeners could press a button to indicate whether they liked or disliked a particular piece of music, Adorno bristled with distaste and astonishment: “ I reflected that culture was simply the condition that precluded a mentality that tried to measure it .” Thus Adorno suggested using individual interviews to determine listener reactions and, only three months after meeting Lasarzfeld, completed a 160-page memorandum on the Project ’ s topic, “ Music in Radio .” Adorno was primarily interested in how the musical material was affected by its distribution through the medium of radio and thought it imperative to understand how music was affected by its becoming part of daily life.

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles, so by heating the material it will gain energy.

The electric susceptibility χ < sub > e </ sub > of a dielectric material is a measure of how easily it polarizes in response to an electric field.

The primary objectives of the mission were to collect images of the lunar surface, examine ambient light levels to determine the feasibility of astronomical observations from the Moon, perform laser ranging experiments from Earth, observe solar X-rays, measure local magnetic fields, and study mechanical properties of the lunar surface material.

The primary objectives of the mission were to collect images of the lunar surface, examine ambient light levels to determine the feasibility of astronomical observations from the Moon, perform laser ranging experiments from Earth, observe solar X-rays, measure local magnetic fields, and study the soil mechanics of the lunar surface material.

These are turn-key systems, made by several manufacturers, that measure the magnetic properties of a material sample.

Ibn Rushd defined and measured force as " the rate at which work is done in changing the kinetic condition of a material body " and correctly argued " that the effect and measure of force is change in the kinetic condition of a materially resistant mass ".

It is different from specific heat capacity in that the VHC is a ' per unit volume ' measure of the relationship between thermal energy and temperature of a material, while the specific heat is a ' per unit mass ' measure ( or occasionally per molar quantity of the material ).