He was highly influential in the development of computer science, giving a formalisation of the concepts of " algorithm " and " computation " with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer.

Exact ( not asymptotic ) measures of efficiency can sometimes be computed but they usually require certain assumptions concerning the particular implementation of the algorithm, called model of computation.

A key point which is often overlooked is that published lower bounds for problems are often given for a model of computation that is more restricted than the set of operations that you could use in practice and therefore there are algorithms that are faster than what would naively be thought possible.

* Alternating Turing machine, model of computation used in theoretical computer science

It is based on a model of computation that splits the computational burden between a computer and a human: one part is solved by computer and the other part solved by human.

Several condensed matter systems are being studied with potential applications to quantum computation, including experimental systems like quantum dots, SQUIDs, and theoretical models like the toric code and the quantum dimer model.

A finite-state machine ( FSM ) or finite-state automaton ( plural: automata ), or simply a state machine, is a mathematical model of computation used to design both computer programs and sequential logic circuits.

Considered as an abstract model of computation, the finite state machine is weak ; it has less computational power than some other models of computation such as the Turing machine.

It is still used in the area of computability theory, although Turing machines are arguably the preferred model for computation.

* Polarizable continuum model, used to model solvent in physical chemistry computation

In his model, assuming perfect computation techniques, simultaneous equations relating inputs and outputs to ratios of equivalence would provide appropriate valuations in order to balance supply and demand.

Secondly, it was a prototype for a model of computation known as message passing.

It also helped inspire the Actor model of concurrent computation although Simula only supports co-routines and not true concurrency.

In theoretical computer science and mathematics, the theory of computation is the branch that deals with whether and how efficiently problems can be solved on a model of computation, using an algorithm.

In order to perform a rigorous study of computation, computer scientists work with a mathematical abstraction of computers called a model of computation.

Computer scientists study the Turing machine because it is simple to formulate, can be analyzed and used to prove results, and because it represents what many consider the most powerful possible " reasonable " model of computation ( see Church – Turing thesis ).

Computability theory is closely related to the branch of mathematical logic called recursion theory, which removes the restriction of studying only models of computation which are reducible to the Turing model.

Time loop logic, coined by the roboticist and futurist Hans Moravec, is the name of a hypothetical system of computation that exploits the Novikov self-consistency principle to compute answers much faster than possible with the standard model of computational complexity using Turing machines.

Physicist David Deutsch showed in 1991 that this model of computation could solve NP problems in polynomial time, and Scott Aaronson later extended this result to show that the model could also be used to solve PSPACE problems in polynomial time.

) On the other hand, even when the binomial model does not describe well the physical phenomenon being studied, the binomial model may still be used as a baseline for comparative purposes ; ;

that is, we may discuss the phenomenon in terms of its departures from the binomial model.

While there may be several such industries to which the model of this paper is applicable, the authors make particular claim of relevance to the explanation of the course of wages and prices in the steel industry of the United States since World War 2.

In order to focus clearly upon the operation of this one force, which we may call the effect of `` public-limit pricing '' on `` key '' wage bargains, we deliberately simplify the model by abstracting from other forces, such as union power, which may be relevant in an actual situation.

In this model, then, the industry is presumed to realize that they could successfully resist a change in the basic wage rate, but since such a change is the only effective means to raising prices they may, in circumstances to be spelled out in Part 2, below, find it to their advantage to allow the wage rise.

Even when the statistical model is nonlinear, it can be approximated by a linear model for which an analysis of variance may be appropriate.

Also, a statistician may specify that logarithmic transforms be applied to the responses, which are believed to follow a multiplicative model.

In this model the electron cloud of a multi-electron atom may be seen as being built up ( in approximation ) in an electron configuration that is a product of simpler hydrogen-like atomic orbitals.

Its weight also makes it relatively easy to move and carry, however its shape is generally not very compact and it may be difficult to stow unless a collapsing model is used.

Since the reference model given for traffic policing in the network is the GCRA, this algorithm is normally used for shaping as well, and single and dual leaky bucket implementations may be used as appropriate.

However, MUL and DIV are special cases, other arithmetic-logical instructions ( ADD, SUB, CMP, AND, OR, XOR, TEST ) may specify any of the eight registers EAX, ECX, EDX, EBX, ESP, EBP, ESI, EDI as the accumulator ( i. e. left operand and destination ); x86 is thus a fairly general register architecture, despite being based on an accumulator model.

This may induce strong distortions into the computer generated 3D model dataset.

( The Deuteronomist author may have used the then-recent 701 BCE campaign of the Assyrian king Sennacherib in Judah as his model ; the hanging of the captured kings is in accordance with Assyrian practice of the 8th century ).

For the mathematical formulation of the model, is also assumed to be twice continuously differentiable, so that differential equations describing the motion may be formulated.

This model may not have a constant derivative.

These characteristics may be evaluated through simulation including a dynamic model of the system under control coupled with the compensation model.

A maturity model may provide, for example, a place to start, the benefit of a community ’ s prior experiences, a common language and a shared vision, a framework for prioritizing actions, a way to define what improvement means for your organization.

Though the model showed no significant changes to the climate in areas other than the Tropics, this may not be the case since the model has possible errors and the results are never absolutely definite.

For instance a male model who sustains a scarring tissue to his face may obtain just as much as a female.

The drill press should be leveled and, depending on whether it is a bench or floor model, bolted securely to a sturdy bench or stand or screwed to the floor with lag or expansion screws.

Your choice of model will undoubtedly be governed by the number of people travelling in your group.

The same model car might be available in six or eight countries, yet not two countries will have the same rate either for the daily rate or rate per kilometer driven.

From this presumption it is an easy step to the conclusion that any observed increases in the basic wage rate must be due to union behavior different and more aggressive than assumed in our model.

No general installation should be made until a model installation has been proved and its maximum capability determined.

Eichmann himself is a model of how the myth of the enemy-Jew can be used to transform the ordinary man of present-day society into a menace to all his neighbors.

Some opposition to the home rule movement started to be heard yesterday, with spokesmen for the town's insurgent Democratic leadership speaking out against the home rule charter in favor of the model municipal league charter.

A decade and a half later, the Polish anthropology student, Bronisław Malinowski ( 1884 – 1942 ), was beginning what he expected to be a brief period of fieldwork in the old model, collecting lists of cultural items, when the outbreak of the First World War stranded him in New Guinea.

The prototype for this model can be found in Bolos of Mendes ' second century BCE work, Physika kai Mystika ( On Physical and Mystical Matters ).

The analysis of variance can be presented in terms of a linear model, which makes the following assumptions about the probability distribution of the responses:

All consider the observations to be the sum of a model ( fit ) and a

In 1911, Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central core held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge which, in units of the electron's charge, was to be approximately equal to half of the atom's atomic weight, expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms.

Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab ( and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom ), decided to test Van den Broek and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fit the Bohr theory's demand that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to a measure of the square of Z.

But what model should be used for the simulation?

Structured programming, canonical structures: Per the Church-Turing thesis any algorithm can be computed by a model known to be Turing complete, and per Minsky's demonstrations Turing completeness requires only four instruction types — conditional GOTO, unconditional GOTO, assignment, HALT.