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natural and monopoly
CATV licenses were granted at a local level, and while it was a more natural monopoly, pirate operators proliferated within populous cities in the 1990s.
Economies of scale also play a role in a " natural monopoly.
:: Control of natural resources: A prime source of monopoly power is the control of resources that are critical to the production of a final good.
In practice, however, if consumer rationality / innovativeness is low and heuristics are preferred, monopolistic competition can fall into natural monopoly, even in the complete absence of government intervention.
If that ideal size is large enough to supply the whole market, then that market is a natural monopoly.
In an industry where a natural monopoly does not exist, the vast majority of industries, the marginal cost decreases with economies of scale, then increases as the company has growing pains ( overworking its employees, bureaucracy, inefficiencies, etc .).
A natural monopoly has a very different cost structure.
A natural monopoly has a high fixed cost for a product that does not depend on output, but its marginal cost of producing one more good is roughly constant, and small.
Once a natural monopoly has been established because of the large initial cost and that, according to the rule of economies of scale, the larger corporation ( to a point ) has lower average cost and therefore a huge advantage.
William Baumol ( 1977 ) provided the current formal definition of a natural monopoly where “ n industry in which multiform production is more costly than production by a monopoly( p. 810 ).
The original concept of natural monopoly is often attributed to John Stuart Mill, who ( writing before the marginalist revolution ) believed that prices would reflect the costs of production in absence of an artificial or natural monopoly.
" The superiority of reward is not here the consequence of competition, but of its absence: not a compensation for disadvantages inherent in the employment, but an extra advantage ; a kind of monopoly price, the effect not of a legal, but of what has been termed a natural monopoly ... independently of ... artificial monopolies grants by government, there is a natural monopoly in favour of skilled labourers against the unskilled, which makes the difference of reward exceed, sometimes in a manifold proportion, what is sufficient merely to equalize their advantages.
Mill also applied the term to land, which can manifest a natural monopoly by virtue of it being the only land with a particular mineral, etc.
For an excellent discussion of the historical origins of the term ' natural monopoly ' see Mosca.
As with all monopolies, a monopolist who has gained his position through natural monopoly effects may engage in behavior that abuses his market position, which often leads to calls from consumers for government regulation.

natural and by
The animosity expressed by such a scene had the penetrating quality of a natural force ; ;
I fled, however, not from what might have been the natural fear of being unable to disguise from you that the things about my bridegroom -- in the sense you meant the word `` things '' -- which you had been galvanizing yourself to tell me as a painful part of your maternal duty were things which I had already insisted upon finding out for myself ( despite, I may now say, the unspeakable awkwardness of making the discovery on principle, yes, on principle, and in cold blood ) because I was resolved, as a modern woman, not to be a mollycoddle waiting for Life but to seize Life by the throat.
The poet was by definition a realist, his imaginings and parables being natural organizations of reality.
They react in obedience to an instinct or urge which has itself been impelled by natural law.
`` I had natural sock '', he says, ' as a storyteller and was precociously good at description, dialogue, and most of the other staples of the fiction-writer's trade but I was bugged by a mammoth complex of thoughts and feelings that prevented me from doing more than just diddling the surface of sustained fiction-writing ''.
I once heard a comedian say that if you are killed by a taxicab in New York, it is listed as `` death due to natural causes ''.
Each one of these is, by its nature, a focal point or a point of natural congestion.
This could be accomplished without the tremendous expenditures necessitated by the Schuylkill Expressway and without destroying the natural beauty of the East River Drive.
These registries are sponsored by 18 national medical, dental, and veterinary societies and have as their mission the assembling of selected cases of interest to military medicine and of establishing through the mechanism of follow-up of living patients the natural history of various diseases of military-medical importance.
The new editions of topographic maps being made by the federal government are excellent for orienting yourself to the natural features of the site.
Other THC activities followed, conducted by shopping centers, department stores, recreation equipment dealers, radio-TV stations, newspapers, and other organizations interested in the need existing to acquaint youngsters with the proper use of sporting firearms and the development of correct attitudes and appreciations related to hunting and wise use of our natural resources.
This arrangement had the purpose to prevent heated gas to reach the thermocouple by natural convection.
A number of unique medical problems might be created when man is exposed to an infectious agent through the respiratory route rather than by natural portal of entry.
Some agents have been shown to be much more toxic or infectious to experimental animals when exposed to aerosols of optimum particle size than by the natural portal.
Finally, the conception of the natural community of all possessions which originated with the Stoics was firmly fixed in a tradition by More's time, although it was not accepted by all the theologian-philosophers of the Middle Ages.
-- The results of microanalysis of tektites ( natural glasses of unknown origin ) for gallium and germanium have shown that these glasses are probably produced from terrestrial ( or less likely from lunar ) matter by impact of a celestial body.
As a natural outgrowth of this approach it was often suggested that the doctor should complete the preparation for painless intercourse by dilating the vagina.
Moreover, man may not supplant or frustrate the physical arrangements established by God, who through the law of rhythm has provided a natural method for the control of conception.
Police said the boys are natural brothers and were adopted as small children by the Dresbachs.
If this aspect of death as punishment is not distinguished from the idea of death as natural termination, the conclusion seems inevitable that temporal existence itself is a form of punishment rather than the state into which man is put by the will of the Creator.
Nor can any man save himself by good works or by a commendable `` moral life '', although such works are the natural fruits and evidences of a saving faith already received and naturally expressing itself through such avenues.
The importance of this 5 can largely be explained by the natural mathematical properties of the middle number and its special relationship to all the rest of the numbers -- quite apart from any numerological considerations, which is to say, any symbolic meaning arbitrarily assigned to it.
According to this doctrine, the universe was ruled by Heaven, T'ien -- as a natural force, or in the personification of a Supreme Sky-god -- governing all things by means of a process called the Tao, which can be roughly interpreted as `` the Order of the Universe '' or `` the Universal Way ''.

natural and contrast
In the hands of a skilled composer or arranger, the natural harmonics can be used to haunting melancholy effect or, by contrast, to create a charming pastoral flavor, as in the lilting " Ranz des Vaches " and works by Brahms, Rossini, and Britten cited below.
Since society considers so many rights as natural ( hence the term " right ") rather than man-made, what constitutes a crime also counts as natural, in contrast to laws ( seen as man-made ).
Carnivory was a natural transition from insectivory for medium and large tetrapods, requiring minimal adaptation ( in contrast, a complex set of adaptations was necessary for feeding on highly fibrous plant materials ).
In contrast, Rand saw ethics as a necessity for human survival and well-being, and argued that the " social " implications of morality, including natural rights, were simply a subset of the wider field of ethics.
He was critical of modern philosophy for its lack of progress, which he believed was in stark contrast to the dramatic advances in the natural sciences since the Renaissance.
In contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded on several sides by prominences of land.
Several of Lovecraft's stories of the Old Ones ( alien beings of the Cthulhu Mythos ), propose alternate mythic human origins in contrast to those found in the creation stories of existing religions, expanding on a natural world view.
Some areas, however, although arid, do have natural vegetation in contrast to the desert.
* Legal positivism, by contrast to natural law, holds that there is no necessary connection between law and morality and that the force of law comes from some basic social facts although positivists differ on what those facts are.
In contrast to the understandings canvassed so far, justice may be understood as a human creation, rather than a discovery of harmony, divine command, or natural law.
The central argument of council communism, in contrast to those of Social democracy and Leninist communism, is that workers ' councils arising in the factories and municipalities are the natural and legitimate form of working class organisation and government power.
In contrast to natural selection, which makes gene variants more common or less common depending on their reproductive success, the changes due to genetic drift are not driven by environmental or adaptive pressures, and may be beneficial, neutral, or detrimental to reproductive success.
Indoor Trials are trials held in stadiums ( not necessarily with a roof ) which by their very nature use man made artificial sections in contrast to outdoor trials with rely heavily on the natural terrain.
So Mill's initial use of the term concerned natural abilities, in contrast to the common contemporary usage, which refers solely to market failure in a particular type of industry, such as rail, post or electricity.
Though the exact definition varies between scholars, natural language can broadly be defined in contrast on the one hand to artificial or constructed languages, such as computer programming languages like Python and international auxiliary languages like Esperanto, and on the other hand to other communication systems in nature, such as the waggle dance of bees.
In contrast, some contemporary Pagans believe that there are specific spirits which inhabit various features in the natural world, and that these can be actively communicated with.
By contrast, many ethical philosophers have tried to prove some of their claims about ethics by appealing to an analysis of the meaning of the term " good "; they held, that is, that " good " can be defined in terms of one or more natural properties which we already understand ( such as " pleasure ", in the case of hedonists ).
By contrast, natural languages have changing meanings given by their users in different communities.
As he succeeded in painting trees in their natural colours, in contrast with many of his predecessors, he began to acquire a reputation for painting landscapes.
The word Prakrit itself has a flexible definition, being defined sometimes as " original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual ", or " vernacular ", in contrast to the literary and religious orthodoxy of Sanskrit.
Thorstein Veblen saw socialism as an immediate stage in an ongoing evolutionary process in economics that would result from the natural decay of the system of business enterprise ; in contrast to Marx, he did not believe it would be the result of political struggle or revolution by the working class as a whole and did not believe it to be the ultimate goal of humanity.
In contrast, the distinguishing natural features of peninsular Thailand are long coastlines, offshore islands, and diminishing mangrove swamps.
In contrast with a tax on real estate ( land and buildings ), a land value tax is levied only on the unimproved value of the land (" land " in this instance may mean either the economic term, i. e., all natural resources, or the natural resources associated with specific areas of the Earth's surface: " lots " or " land parcels ").

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