Early writings potentially mentioning gunpowder are sometimes marked by a linguistic process where old words acquired new meanings.

Among semantics of language, lexical semantics is most robust, and to some extend the phrase semantics too, while other types of linguistic semantics are new and not quite examined.

The new linguistic turn, through the rise of semiotics as well as of structural linguistics, brought to the fore a new interest in figures of speech as signs, the metaphor in particular ( in the works of Roman Jakobson, Michel Charles, Gérard Genette ) while famed Structuralist Roland Barthes, a classicist by training, perceived how some basic elements of rhetoric could be of use in the study of narratives, fashion and ideology.

From the late 1980s a new school of linguistic relativity scholars have examined the effects of differences in linguistic categorization on cognition, finding broad support for weak versions of the hypothesis in experimental contexts.

The publication of the 1996 anthology Rethinking linguistic relativity edited by sociolinguist John J. Gumperz and psycholinguist Stephen C. Levinson marked the entrance to a new period of linguistic relativity studies and a new way of defining the concept that focused on cognitive as well as social aspects of linguistic relativity.

In this volume, cognitive and social scientists laid out a new paradigm for investigations in linguistic relativity.

Everett did not draw the conclusion that it was the lack of numbers in their language that prevented them from grasping mathematics, but instead concluded that the Pirahã had a cultural ideology that made them extremely reluctant to adopt new cultural traits, and that this cultural ideology was also the reason that certain linguistic features that were otherwise believed to be universal did not exist in their language.

Moreover, new states were recognized by the legal doctrine of uti possidetis juris, meaning that old administrative boundaries would become international boundaries upon independence even if they had little relevance to linguistic, ethnic, and cultural boundaries.

In order to facilitate the creation of new states along religious lines ( as opposed to racial or linguistic lines ) population exchanges between India and Pakistan were implemented, at the expense of significant human suffering in the process.

This linguistic change created a new defacto dividing line between German and Danish speakers north of Tønder and south of Flensburg.

Archaeological, linguistic and anecdotal evidence suggests that Taiwan's indigenous peoples have undergone a series of cultural shifts to meet the pressures of contact with other societies and new technologies.

Such speakers have internalized something called " linguistic competence ", which gives them the ability to extrapolate correctly from their experience new but correct expressions, and to reject unacceptable expressions.

The number of Istro-Romanian speakers has been reduced due to their assimilation into other linguistic groups that were either already present or introduced by their respective new rulers of Istria: in the 1921 Italian census, there were 1, 644 declared Istro-Romanian speakers in the area, while in 1926 Romanian scholar Sextil Pușcariu estimated their number to be closer to 3, 000.

The new political border largely ( though not entirely ) followed the linguistic border.

But his authorship of The Brus alone, both for its original employment of the chivalric genre, and as a tale of a struggle against tyranny, secures his place as an important and innovative literary voice who broke new linguistic ground.

Whereas the first paradigm focused on ostensibly distinct " languages " ( scare quotes indicate that contemporary linguistic anthropologists treat the concept of " a language " as an ideal construction covering up complexities within and " across " so-called linguistic boundaries ), the unit of analysis in the second paradigm was new — the " speech event.

There should even be no more bitter surprises in the UN General Assembly as to NATO members' votes, since a new ad hoc NATO committee has been set up so that in the future such topics as Angola will be discussed in advance.

The X3 committee made other changes, including other new characters ( the brace and vertical line characters ), renaming some control characters ( SOM became start of header ( SOH )) and moving or removing others ( RU was removed ).

In 1964, the functions of the Admiralty were transferred to a new Admiralty Board, which is a committee of the tri-service Defence Council of the United Kingdom and part of the Ministry of Defence.

In June 1945, a committee selected " Panthers " as the new team's name.

On September 24, 1834 a committee was appointed by the general assembly of the church to organize a new volume containing the most significant Latter Day Saint revelations.

This committee of Presiding Elders, consisting of Joseph Smith, Jr., Oliver Cowdery, Sidney Rigdon, and Frederick G. Williams, began to review and revise numerous revelations for inclusion in the new work.

A committee that was headed by psychiatrist Brigadier General William C. Menninger developed a new classification scheme called Medical 203 that was issued in 1943 as a War Department Technical Bulletin under the auspices of the Office of the Surgeon General.

Other criteria, and potential new categories of disorder, were established by consensus during meetings of the committee, as chaired by Spitzer.

One of the first scandals to hit the new Scottish Parliament occurred when allegations that the lobbying arm of public relations company Beattie Media had privileged access to ministers were published, prompting Dewar to ask the standards committee to investigate the reports.

Following the convening of the newly elected People ’ s Assembly and Maglis al-Shura in March 2012, a committee was to draft a new constitution to replace the pre-revolutionary one, followed by presidential elections.

Hackett, who would become a member of the football rules committee in December 1907 and officiated games into the 1930s, was quoted the next day in Ed Wray's Post-Dispatch article: " It was the most perfect exhibition ... of the new rules ... that I have seen all season and much better than that of Yale and Harvard.

Reforms included new laws of habeas corpus and amparo ( court-ordered protection ), the creation of a legislative human rights committee, and the establishment in 1987 of the Office of Human Rights Ombudsman.

After the Supreme Court annulled that law, President Vieira dissolved the Assembly, thus allowing the standing committee to continue working, and appointed a new government composed of loyalists.

Controversies surrounded not only the suspicions of Leung's own conflict of interest, but also of the insensitivity of the committee which recommended the approval for him to take up his lucrative new job less than two years after his official retirement.

The remaining constitutional functions of the Monarch are to open the annual session of the Riksdag, to chair the foreign advisory committee, to preside at the special cabinet council when a new Prime Minister takes office, and to be kept informed by the Prime Minister on matters of state.

In 1974 a committee with representatives from every sect compiled a new text called the Saman Suttam.

A committee appointed to advise the state government on the establishment of the new university at North Ryde nominated Abraham as the architect-planner.

In Iran a special committee receives observations of every new moon to determine the beginning of each month.

A new west façade facing onto St Margaret's Street was built in the Palladian style between 1755 and 1770, providing more space for document storage and committee rooms.

While the work of this committee never went beyond planning, John Dryden is often credited with creating and exemplifying a new and modern English style.

Then, if this business does not work, he can get a new contract with the village committee and return to farming.

The proposal was incorporated in a new party-wide strategic plan and a joint platform-program committee proposed a reformatted project platform that isolated talking points on issues, principles and solutions, and an array of projects for adaptation.

The Graces managed to survive " a protracted and stormy meeting " with E. M. retaining his key post as club secretary, although he was forced to liaise in future with a new finance committee and abide by stricter rules.

Numerous party leaders privately told Roosevelt that they would fight Wallace's renomination as VP and proposed Missouri Senator Harry S. Truman, a moderate who had gained favorable publicity as the chairman of a Senate wartime investigating committee, as FDR's new running mate.

Her face was very thin, and burned by the sun until much of the skin was dead and peeling, the new skin under it red and angry.

So simple, in fact, that it might even work -- although Pamela, now, in her new frame of mind, was careful not to pretend too much assurance.

The hands and their bosses saw him as a lone knight of the range, waging a dedicated crusade against a lawless new society that was threatening a beloved way of life.

That was the new advertising angle -- something about a Lloyd's of London policy to insure the secrecy of the secret ingredient.

My new Aunt was perhaps three or four years older than I and it had been a long time since I had seen as gorgeous a woman who oozed sex.

His advice, his voice saying his poems, the fact that he had not so much as touched her -- on the contrary, he had put his head back and she had stroked his hair -- this was all new.

and Robinson Roy, who had gone down this line ten minutes before to set a new depth record for the free dive, was already back on the surface.

School began in August, the hottest part of the year, and for the first few days Miss Langford was very lenient with the children, letting them play a lot and the new ones sort of get acquainted with one another.

Satisfied at last, and after a few amorous gambits on her part which convinced Delphine that Dandy was capable of learning new arts, she opened the window and called to her liveried driver.

So Dandy Brandon trustingly entered the house with Delphine Lalaurie and trudged up the rear steps to the attic room which was to be his new home.

This new force, love of country, super-imposed upon -- if not displacing -- affectionate ties to one's own state, was epitomized by Washington.

Even two decades ago in Go Down, Moses Faulkner was looking to the more urban future with a glimmer of hope that through its youth and its new way of life the South might be reborn and the curse of slavery erased from its soil.

It was a brilliant debut, so much so indeed that it aroused a new vitality in the younger poets, as did Byron's Childe Harold.

At first glance this appears strange: of all people, was not America founded by rugged individualists who established a new way of life still inspiring `` undeveloped '' societies abroad??

The portrait that had developed, fragmentarily but consistently, was the portrait of a man to whom serious thinking is alien enough that the making of a decision inhibits, when it does not forestall, any ability to review the decision in the light of new evidence.

He was engaged in constant experiments that searched for new directions.

Running across the deck, which was empty now that the livestock had been killed and eaten, they sniffed the spice-laden breezes that came from the shore, each pointing out new and exciting wonders to the other.

Ann, pleased to see her friend happy, was intrigued by the new fruits a friend of Captain Heard had sent on board for their enjoyment.

Though she did not then know its name, this strange new fruit was a banana.

To old-line Democrats, the Hearst Presidential boom, now in full cry, was the joke of the new century.

His nationalism was not a new characteristic, but its self-consciousness, even its self-satisfaction, is more obvious in a book that stretches over the long reach of English history.

As always, the ranks worked out new and better tactics, but there was brilliance in the way the field commands adopted these methods and in the way the army commanders incorporated them into their military thinking.

It is difficult to say what Thompson expected would come of their relationship, which had begun so soon after his emotions had been stirred by Maggie Brien, but when Katie wrote on April 11, 1900, to tell him that she was to be married to the Rev. Godfrey Burr, the vicar of Rushall in Staffordshire, the news evidently helped to deepen his discouragement over the failure of his hopes for a new volume of verse.

The charge was so farfetched that Woodruff paid little attention to it, and answered Pike in a rather bored way, wearily declaring that a `` new hand '' was pumping the bellows of the Crittenden organ, and concluding: `` In a controversy with an adversary so utterly destitute of moral principles, even a triumph would entitle the victor to no laurels.