The detector was partially restored by redistributing the photomultiplier tubes which did not implode, and by adding protective acrylic shells that are hoped will prevent another chain reaction from recurring ( Super-Kamiokande-II ).

From there, a fiber optic will transfer the light out of the microscope where it will be separated by a monochromator and then detected with a photomultiplier tube.

If a single detector, such as a photomultiplier tube or photodiode is used, the grating can be scanned stepwise so that the detector can measure the light intensity at each wavelength ( which will correspond to each " step ").

After completion, NESTOR will consist of a large number of glass balls ( the " eyes ") containing photomultiplier tubes.

Photomultiplier-amplified photocurrents can be electronically amplified by a high-input-impedance electronic amplifier ( in the signal path, subsequent to the photomultiplier ), thus producing appreciable voltages even for nearly infinitesimally small photon fluxes.

The voltage generated in the photomultiplier was used to drive galvanometers which had a small mirror mounted on the axis.

In a photomultiplier tube, every photon striking the photocathode initiates an avalanche of electrons that produces a detectable current pulse.

In Geiger mode the photomultiplier gain is set so high ( using high voltage ) that a single photo-electron resulting from a single photon incident on the primary surface generates a very large current at the output circuit.

However, owing to the avalanche of current, a reset of the photomultiplier is required.

Since Ag-O-Cs has a higher dark current than more modern materials photomultiplier tubes with this photocathode material are nowadays used only in the infrared region with cooling.

Unlike photomultiplier tubes, no amplification takes place, so the current that flows through the device is typically of the order of a few microamperes.

There is no Johnson noise associated with photomultiplier signal currents even though they are greatly amplified, e. g., by 100 thousand times ( i. e., 100 dB ) or more.

The drawback, however, is that not every photon incident on the primary surface is counted either because of less-than-perfect efficiency of the photomultiplier, or because a second photon can arrive at the photomultiplier during the " dead time " associated with a first photon and never be noticed.

Schematic showing incident particles hitting a scintillating crystal, triggering the release of photons which are then converted into photoelectrons and multiplied in the photomultiplier.

This assumption is based on two requirements: ( 1 ) that the light output of the scintillator is proportional to the energy of the incident radiation ; ( 2 ) that the electrical pulse produced by the photomultiplier tube is proportional to the emitted scintillation light.

The detection of these photons has been made possible ( and easier ) by the development of more sensitive photomultiplier tubes and associated electronic equipment.

In wavelength dispersive analysis, the single-wavelength radiation produced by the monochromator is passed into a photomultiplier, a detector similar to a Geiger counter, which counts individual photons as they pass through.

In either case, the photomultiplier can detect individual photons.

A photomultiplier and associated electronics counts the photons that are proportional to the amount of NO present.

From there, each individual beam is then reflected on to a photomultiplier tube ( PMT ), where the photons are converted into an electronic signal to be recorded to tape.

The photons are detected using a photomultiplier tube.

The total sum of the voltages from each photomultiplier is proportional to the energy of the gamma ray interaction, thus allowing discrimination between different isotopes or between scattered and direct photons.

For all seven modules, the unwanted background effects of particles or photons entering from the rear was suppressed by a " phoswich " design, in which the active NaI detecting element was optically coupled to a layer of CsI on its rear surface, which was in turn optically coupled to a single photomultiplier tube for each of the seven units.

These photons can be collected by a photomultiplier tube ( PMT ) or a charge-coupled device ( CCD ) camera.

Other hardware components were supplied as follows: the beam-combining mirror from REOSC at Saint Pierre du Perray ; the spherical, folding and relay mirrors from Carl Zeiss AG in Oberkochen ; the external straylight baffles from CASA in Madrid ; the modulating grid from CSEM in Neuchatel ; the mechanism control system and the thermal control electronics from Dornier Satellite Systems in Friedrichshafen ; optical filters, the experiment structures and the attitude and orbit control system from Matra Marconi Space in Velizy ; instrument switching mechanisms from Oerlikon-Contraves in Zurich ; the image dissector tube and photomultiplier detectors assembled by the Dutch Space Research Organisation, SRON in The Netherlands ; the refocusing assembly mechanism designed by TNO-TPD in Delft ; the electrical power subsystem from British Aerospace in Bristol ; the structure and reaction control system from Daimler-Benz Aerospace in Bremen ; the solar arrays and thermal control system from Fokker Space System in Leiden ; the data handling and telecommunications system from Saab Ericsson Space in Gothenburg ; and the apogee boost motor from SEP in France.

In 1957, Russell Kirsch produced a device that generated digital data that could be stored in a computer ; this was made possible by his use of a drum scanner and photomultiplier tube.

The location of the interaction between the gamma ray and the crystal can be determined by processing the voltage signals from the photomultipliers ; in simple terms, the location can be found by weighting the position of each photomultiplier tube by the strength of its signal, and then calculating a mean position from the weighted positions.

GFAA spectrometry instruments have the following basic features: 1. a source of light ( lamp ) that emits resonance line radiation ; 2. an atomization chamber ( graphite tube ) in which the sample is vaporized ; 3. a monochromator for selecting only one of the characteristic wavelengths ( visible or ultraviolet ) of the element of interest ; 4. a detector, generally a photomultiplier tube ( light detectors that are useful in low-intensity applications ), that measures the amount of absorption ; 5. a signal processor-computer system ( strip chart recorder, digital display, meter, or printer ).

The fluorescence signal is captured by a photomultiplier a known distance downstream of the de Laval nozzle.

When a single photon is sent through an interferometer, it passes through both paths, interfering with itself, as waves do, yet is detected by a photomultiplier or other sensitive detector only once.

These are detected when they reach a scintillator in the scanning device, creating a burst of light which is detected by photomultiplier tubes or silicon avalanche photodiodes ( Si APD ).

The amplified electrical signal output by the photomultiplier is displayed as a two-dimensional intensity distribution that can be viewed and photographed on an analogue video display, or subjected to analog-to-digital conversion and displayed and saved as a digital image.

After passing a pinhole, the light intensity is detected by a photodetection device ( usually a photomultiplier tube ( PMT ) or avalanche photodiode ), transforming the light signal into an electrical one that is recorded by a computer.

The primary advantages to the electron microscope based technique is the ability to resolve features down to 1 nanometer, the ability to measure an entire spectrum at each point ( hyperspectral imaging ) if the photomultiplier tube is replaced with a CCD camera, and the ability to perform nanosecond-to picosecond-level time-resolved measurements if the electron beam can be " chopped " into nano-or pico-second pulses.

The detector is typically a photomultiplier tube, a photodiode, a photodiode array or a charge-coupled device ( CCD ).

UV-visible spectroscopy of microscopic samples is done by integrating an optical microscope with UV-visible optics, white light sources, a monochromator, and a sensitive detector such as a charge-coupled device ( CCD ) or photomultiplier tube ( PMT ).

The invention of the photomultiplier is predicated upon two prior achievements, the discoveries of the photoelectric effect and the secondary emission ( i. e., the ability of electrons in a vacuum tube to cause the emission of additional electrons by striking an electrode ).

Thus, any single-stage photomultiplier is limited in gain.

The first mass-produced photomultiplier, the Type 931, was of this design and is still commercially produced today.

A sensitive photomultiplier tube ( PMT ) measures the light from the crystal, and the output signal is fed to an electronic amplifier and other electronic equipment to count and possibly quantify the amplitude of the signals produced by the photomultiplier.

By October 1935, Vladimir Zworykin, George Ashmun Morton, and Louis Malter of RCA in Camden, NJ submitted their manuscript describing the first comprehensive experimental and theoretical analysis of a multiple dynode tube — the device later called a photomultiplier — to Proc.

In mid-twentieth-century systems, the light was reflected to a pair of differential electronic photosensors called a photomultiplier.

In a photomultiplier tube, one or more electrons are emitted from a photocathode and accelerated towards a polished metal electrode ( called a dynode ).

In a photomultiplier tube, a photo-emissive surface is followed by an electron multiplier with several sequential multiplying electrodes called dynodes.

An intensity interferometer is built from two light detectors, typically either radio antenna or optical telescopes with photomultiplier tubes ( PMTs ), separated by some distance, called the baseline.