As the first public bank to " offer accounts not directly convertible to coin ", the Bank of Amsterdam established in 1609 is considered to be the precursor to modern central banks.

Dungeon, the mainframe precursor to the commercial Zork trilogy, is generally assumed to be in the public domain and is available from The Interactive Fiction Archive as original FORTRAN source code, a Z-machine story file and as various native source ports.

Perhaps the first instrument of modern public international law was the Lieber Code, passed in 1863 by the Congress of the United States, to govern the conduct of US forces during the United States Civil War and considered to be the first written recitation of the rules and articles of war, adhered to by all civilized nations, the precursor of public international law.

His father was primarily a farmer though he was also deacon of the local Congregational church, captain of the town's militia, and a founder of a local book society — a precursor to the public library.

Gérôme was the precursor, and often the master, of a number of French painters in the later part of the century whose works were often frankly salacious, frequently featuring scenes in harems, public baths and slave auctions ( the last two also available with classical decor ), and responsible, with others, for " the equation of Orientalism with the nude in pornographic mode ".

He responded to the economic crises by adopting deflationary policies in order to reduce inflation, and cutting public expenditure – a precursor to the monetarist economic policies that the next government, a Conservative one led by Margaret Thatcher, would pursue in order to ease the crises.

Containing an unprecedented sixty-six oils and fifty drawings from the Netherlands, and poignant excerpts from the artist's letters, it was a major public success and became " a precursor to the hold van Gogh has to this day on the contemporary imagination ".

Madley ( 2005 ) argues that the German experience in German South-West Africa was a crucial precursor to Nazi colonialism and genocide and that personal connections, literature, and public debates served as conduits for communicating colonialist and genocidal ideas and methods from the colony to Germany.

The plot of Permutation City follows the lives of several people in a near future reality where the Earth is ravaged by the effects of climate change, the economy and culture are largely globalised ( the most commonly used denomination of currency is the ECU, the precursor to the euro in use at the time the book was written ), and civilisation has accumulated vast amounts of cloud computing power and memory which is distributed internationally and is traded in a public market called the QIPS Exchange ( QIPS from MIPS, where the Q is Quadrillions ).

The Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission ( CRBC ) was Canada's first public broadcaster and the immediate precursor to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

Corporatization is sometimes a precursor to partial or full privatization, which almost always refers to a process by which formerly public assets or functions are sold or given to corporate entities by listing the shares of the state-owned corporation on publicly traded stock exchanges.

These programs were produced by the Institute for Philosophical Research and were carried as a public service by the American Broadcasting Company, presented by National Educational Television ( NET ), the precursor to what is now PBS.

One of the few films that can be seen as a direct precursor to the Ealing Comedies is Saloon Bar ( 1940 ), in which the regulars of a public bar join forces to clear the name of the barmaid's boyfriend who has been accused of murder.

* October-The First International Conference on Computer Communications is held in Washington, D. C. and hosts the first public demonstration of ARPAnet, a precursor of the Internet.

Nixon said Rachel was Erica's " precursor to the public " but Rachel was a lower-class version.

In 1961, she began to track the progress of a court case in which public television station WNDT in New Jersey was attempting to acquire New York independent station Channel 13, which later became the precursor of PBS station WNET, the first public broadcasting station in New York.

In this context, the goals of nationalization were to dispossess large capitalists and redirect the profits of industry to the public purse, as a precursor to the long-term goals of establishing worker-management and reorganizing production toward use.

These ‘ planned ’ Roman streets on the south bank therefore seem natural precursor to the more industrial atmosphere and activity which modern Norton still retains to this day, whilst Roman Malton across the river could boast at least one fine townhouse that was furnished with painted walls, mosaic floors, heated rooms and sculptural architectural decoration, examples of which are held by the Malton Museum, but are not on public view.

It can be as basic as the desire to kiss and massage feet as a precursor to sex ; and it can be complex, involving roleplay and public displays of subservience.

Previously in 1884, Dow had composed an initial stock average called the Dow Jones Averages, which contained nine railroads and two industrial companies that appeared in the Customer's Afternoon Letter, a daily two-page financial news bulletin which was the precursor to The Wall Street Journal.

Bulletin board systems were in many ways a precursor to the modern form of the World Wide Web, social network services and other aspects of the Internet.

Crossings was the precursor to Epaminondas, which uses a larger board and expanded rules.

* Pachisi Court: A square marked out as a large board game, the precursor to modern day Ludo game where people served as the playing pieces.

His name appears as a member of the executive board of Colorado Seminary, the historic precursor of University of Denver and Iliff School of Theology.

He was responsible for a multi-national team which executed nine Shuttle docking missions to the Russian Space Station Mir, with seven astronauts spending 30 months cumulatively on board the Mir Station, plus all the associated science and docking hardware to ensure the success of the joint program, a precursor to the building of the joint International Space Station.

* Pad and a few months later, system-defined Notesfiles, 1973, the first general-purpose computer message board, and precursor to Unix Newsgroups, Digital DECnotes and Lotus Notes.

* CP / M, " Control Program / Monitor " microcomputer operating system ; a precursor to IBM PC-compatible disk operating systems

DARPA has been responsible for funding the development of many technologies which have had a major effect on the world, including computer networking, as well as NLS, which was both the first hypertext system, and an important precursor to the contemporary ubiquitous graphical user interface.

DARPA also funded the development of the Douglas Engelbart's NLS computer system and The Mother of All Demos ; and the Aspen Movie Map, which was probably the first hypermedia system and an important precursor of virtual reality.

In case of impending food emergencies, the system dispatches rapid crop and food supply assessment missions, often jointly with the World Food Programme, and sometimes as a precursor to further intervention and assistance.

Large meetings were held, including a three-day event in Bedfordshire, the precursor of the present Britain Yearly Meeting system.

The SP and ID numbers were used parenthetically after each boat's or ship's name to identify it ; although this system pre-dated the modern hull classification system and its numbers were not referred to at the time as " hull codes " or " hull numbers ," it was used in a similar manner to today's system and can be considered its precursor.

An irreducibly complex system cannot be produced directly ( that is, by continuously improving the initial function, which continues to work by the same mechanism ) by slight, successive modifications of a precursor system, because any precursor to an irreducibly complex system that is missing a part is by definition nonfunctional.

In European countries where the metric system was established well before the adoption of the SI standard, there is still carry-over of usage from the precursor cgs and MKS systems.

Techniques include surgically implanting oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the central nervous system and inducing myelin repair with certain antibodies.

Aside from the immediate game mission, the game also contains an artificial life (" A-Life ") system, a precursor to the Chao featured in Sonic Team's later Sonic Adventure titles.

The pioneer system using this concept was IBM's CP-40, the first ( 1967 ) version of IBM's CP / CMS ( 1967 – 1972 ) and the precursor to IBM's VM family ( 1972 – present ).

The development of a computer-based information system includes a systems analysis phase which produces or enhances the data model which itself is a precursor to creating or enhancing a database ( see Christopher J.

* The Vesta parallel file system, a precursor of IBM's GPFS

Atmel has been a precursor design center in the ARM7TDMI-based embedded system.

Bertillon's work, classifying causes of death, was a precursor of the modern code system, the International Classification of Diseases.

Soon after that the Whirlwind was used for the Cape Cod early warning system, a precursor to the SAGE Air Defense System.