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A review of the methods used in trials of antipsychotics, despite stating that the overall quality is " rather good ," reported issues with the selection of participants ( including that in schizophrenia trials up to 90 % of people who are generally suitable do not meet the elaborate inclusion and exclusion criteria, and that negative symptoms have not been properly assessed despite companies marketing the newer antipsychotics for these ); issues with the design of trials ( including pharmaceutical company funding of most of them, and inadequate experimental " blinding " so that trial participants could sometimes tell whether they were on placebo or not ); and issues with the assessment of outcomes ( including the use of a minimal reduction in scores to show " response ," lack of assessment of quality of life or recovery, a high rate of discontinuation, selective highlighting of favorable results in the abstracts of publications, and poor reporting of side-effects ).
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review and methods
Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards, improve performance and provide credibility.
In 2009, Pinker wrote a mixed review of Malcolm Gladwell's essays in The New York Times criticizing his analytical methods.
In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: " The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures.
The teaching methods and parts of the curriculum of schools run by Livets Ord have been under review by the Swedish National Agency for Education on several occasions, but the schools have only been criticized on minor details.
Each member has a great deal of autonomy as to their methods in their jurisdiction, subject to review by the Guardians if they feel the Green Lantern in question has abused their assigned authority.
Rupert played a key part in the conferences held by the Duke of York in 1665 to review tactics and operational methods from the first Dutch war, and put these into practice before the St James Day battle.
For a comprehensive review of all rayon production methods and markets see " Regenerated Cellulose Fibres ", ( book-Edited by C R Woodings ) 348 pages, 234x156mm Hardback 2001, ISBN 1 85573 459 1, Woodhead Publishing Ltd.
These groups often stress the need for oversight by independent citizen review boards and other methods of ensuring accountability for police action.
Unlike the scientific method which relies on peer reviewed experiments which attempt to prove or disprove a falsifiable hypothesis, exploratory engineering relies on peer review, simulation and other methods employed by scientists, but applies them to some hypothetical artifact, a specific and detailed hypothesized design or process, rather than to an abstract model or theory.
Women from ACT UP who had been having informal " dyke dinners " met with Dr. Gould in person, questioned him about several misleading facts ( that penis to vagina transmission is impossible, for example ), questionable journalistic methods ( no peer review, bibliographic information, failing to disclose that he was a psychiatrist and not a practitioner of internal medicine ), and demanded a retraction and apology.
* According to the 2008 Guideline, based on two studies the training of clinicians in smoking cessation methods may increase abstinence rates ; however, a Cochrane review found " a measurable effect " that such training decreased smoking in patients.
Archaeologists distinguish their research from pseudoarchaeology by pointing to differences in research methodology, including recursive methods, falsifiable theories, peer review, and a generally systematic approach to collecting data.
Most world universities use a 5 chapter format: a ) an introduction, which introduces the research topic, the methodology, as well as its scope and significance ; b ) a literature review, reviewing relevant literature and showing how this has informed the research issue ; c ) a methodology chapter, explaining how the research has been designed and why the research methods / population / data collection and analysis being used have been chosen ; d ) a findings chapter, outlining the findings of the research itself ; e ) an analysis and discussion chapter, analysing the findings and discussing them in the context of the literature review ( this chapter is often divided into two — analysis and discussion ); f ) a conclusion.
This makes manual review, with its greater accuracy over fully automated methods, practical.
In November 1994, the Institute began a review of welfare reform, called ' Operation Underclass ', aimed at methods of creating jobs for the long-term unemployed.
For a comprehensive review of lyocell and other rayon production methods and markets see " Regenerated Cellulose Fibres ", ( book-Edited by C R Woodings ) 348 pages, 234x156mm Hardback 2001, ISBN 1 85573 459 1, Woodhead Publishing Ltd.
Those undertaking meta-analyses and systematic reviews need to take account of publication bias in the methods they use for identifying the studies to include in the review.
These may include the development of scenarios ( represented as user stories in agile methods ), the identification of use cases, the use of workplace observation or ethnography, holding interviews, or focus groups ( more aptly named in this context as requirements workshops, or requirements review sessions ) and creating requirements lists.
The review was to consider methods of estimating and reducing flood risk and look at whether flood risk management could make more use of natural processes.
From September to December 2005 he conducted a review of the working methods of the European Court of Human Rights, and he is chairman of the Bank of England Financial Markets Law Committee.
An in-depth review of 13 LCA studies of wood and paper products found a lack of consistency in the methods and assumptions used to track carbon during the product life cycle.
This article contrasts American bar review courses against the 18-month cram schools used in Japan, Germany, Korea, and Taiwan, and argues that the short length of American bar review is due to the superior pedagogical methods of American law schools and the American tradition of relatively easy access to the legal profession ( in comparison to most countries ).</ ref > For bar review, most students in the United States attend a private bar exam review course which is provided by a third-party company and not their law school.
review and used
Moreover, whereas in Interstate Commerce Commission parlance `` variable cost '' means a cost deemed to vary in direct proportion to changes in rate of output, in the type of analysis now under review `` variable cost '' has been used more broadly, so as to cover costs which, while a function of some one variable ( such as output of energy, or number of customers ), are not necessarily a linear function.
Starting in 1991, the US Congress asked the Institute of Medicine to review the scientific literature on Agent Orange and the other herbicides used in Vietnam, including their active ingredients and the dioxin contaminant.
Bhattacharyya's review of Tantric history says that the word chakra is used to mean several different things in the Sanskrit sources:
In a review of social stratification systems in Africa, Richter reports that the term caste has been used by French and American scholars to many groups of West African artisans.
Chiropractic has developed a strong political base and sustained demand for services ; in recent decades, it has gained more legitimacy and greater acceptance among medical physicians and health plans in the U. S., and the principles of evidence-based medicine have been used to review research studies and generate practice guidelines.
In the same letter, Frege used the review of Schröder's book to analyze Husserl's notion of the sense of reference of concept words.
The systematic review of published research studies is a major method used for evaluating particular treatments.
The term was first used in print in 1957 by P. Schuyler Miller in a review of John W. Campbell, Jr .' s Islands of Space in Astounding Science Fiction.
* MFD-, a search tag that can lead to idea deletion after moderator review ( also used as a verb, meaning ' to mark an idea for deletion ).
Indeed, the term " raga rock " was coined by The Byrds ' publicist in the press releases for the single and was first used in print by journalist Sally Kempton in her review of " Eight Miles High " for The Village Voice.
The first of these shows were actually called Crazy People and subtitled " The Junior Crazy Gang "; the term " Goon " was used as the headline of a review of Bentine's act by Picture Post dated 5 November 1948.
Between the ratification of the Constitution in 1788 and the Supreme Court's decision in Marbury in 1803, judicial review was used a number of times in both state and federal courts.
J. M. Thompson, in his 1914 article in The Hibbert Journal ( a quarterly philosophical review ), used it to describe changes in attitudes and beliefs in the critique of religion: " The raison d ' etre of Post-Modernism is to escape from the double-mindedness of Modernism by being thorough in its criticism by extending it to religion as well as theology, to Catholic feeling as well as to Catholic tradition.
" In a review of Goldhagen's book, Mark Riebling counters that Pius used the word " Jew " in his first encyclical, Summi Pontificatus, published on 20 October 1939.
In academia peer review is often used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication.
Moreover, " medical peer review " has been used by the American Medical Association to refer not only to the process of improving quality and safety in health care organizations, but also to the process of rating clinical behavior or compliance with professional society membership standards.
Peer review is used in education to achieve certain learning objectives, particularly as a tool to reach higher order processes in the affective and cognitive domains as defined by Bloom ’ s Taxonomy.
This may take a variety of forms, including closely mimicking the scholarly peer review processes used in science and medicine.
Although generally considered essential to academic quality, and used in most important scientific publications, peer review has been criticized as ineffective, slow, and misunderstood ( also see anonymous peer review and open peer review ).
Upon successful review by the members of the WGPSN, names are considered provisionally approved and can be used on maps and in publications as long as the provisional status is clearly stated.
Hoffman states that “ even the most cursory review of terrorist tactics and targets over the past quarter century reveals that terrorists have violated all these rules .” Hoffman also states that when states transgress these rules of war “ the term “ war crime ” is used to describe such acts .”
It is often used in the review of administrative proceedings or the judgements of a small claims court.
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