The cello ( ; plural cellos or celli ) is a bowed string instrument with four strings tuned in perfect fifths.

The double bass, also called the string bass, upright bass, bass fiddle, bass violin, doghouse bass, contrabass, bass viol, stand-up bass or bull fiddle, is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra, with strings usually tuned to E1, A1, D2 and G2 ( see standard tuning ).

The double bass is the only modern bowed string instrument that is tuned in fourths ( like a viol ), rather than fifths ( see Tuning, below ).

Five-string instruments have an additional string typically tuned to a low B below the E string.

Occasionally, a higher string is added instead, tuned to the C above the G string.

The double bass is generally tuned in fourths, in contrast to other members of the orchestral string family, which are tuned in fifths.

Major European orchestras generally use basses with a fifth string, tuned to B three octaves and a semitone below middle C. Players with standard double basses ( E-A-D-G ) typically play the notes below " E " an octave higher.

In the United States, Canada and United Kingdom, most professional orchestral players use four-string double basses with a C extension, which extends the lowest string down as far as low C, an octave below the lowest note on the cello ( more rarely, this string may be tuned to a low B ).

Dragonetti frequently played on a three string double bass tuned G-D-A from top to bottom.

A string tuned to natural may be played in sharp, but not flat.

These harps can only play in a single key during any given performance, though any string on a harp can be tuned to a corresponding sharp or flat before a performance and then be returned to its regular tension ( key ) afterwards with little effort.

When two strings tuned to be the same pitch, or to an octave apart, are plucked simultaneously by a single keystroke, the note is louder and richer than one produced by a single string.

Other tunings exist, including " cross-tunings ," in which the usually doubled string runs are tuned to different pitches.

Michael A. Levine composed Divination By Mirrors for musical saw soloist and two string ensembles tuned a quarter tone apart, taking advantage of the saws ability to play in both tunings.

One portion of the G key operated a string tuned to G and the other operated a string tuned to A, similarly one portion of the E key operated a string tuned to E, the other portion operating a string tuned to D. This type of keyboard layout, known as the enharmonic keyboard, extended the flexibility of the harpsichord, enabling composers to write keyboard music calling for harmonies containing the so-called wolf fifth ( G-sharp to E-flat ), but without producing aural discomfort in the listeners ( see: Split sharp ).

* Classical fingerboards are normally flat and without inlaid fret markers, or just have dot inlays on the side of the neck — steel string fingerboards usually have a slight radius and inlays.

Strobe tuner pedals indicate whether a guitar string is too sharp or flat.

The flat bridge allows for three string chords to be played.

The classical guitar's wide, flat neck allows the musician to play scales, arpeggios, and certain chord forms more easily and with less adjacent string interference than on other styles of guitar.

If the open string is in tune, but sharp or flat when frets are pressed, the bridge saddle position can be adjusted with a screwdriver or hex key to remedy the problem.

In the top position no pegs are in contact with the string and all notes are flat ; thus the harp's native tuning is to the scale of C-flat major.

Folk harps with levers installed have a lever close to the top of each string ; when it is engaged, it shortens the string so its pitch is raised a semitone, resulting in a sharped note if the string was a natural, or a natural note if the string was a flat.

* Andante for string quartet in E flat major, WK 224

* Machine head, a flat handle for the worm gear on a string instrument upon which a string is wound

Lionel Tertis, in his transcription of the Elgar cello concerto, wrote the slow movement with the ' C ' string tuned down to B flat, enabling the viola to play one passage an octave lower.

Within two or three decades, this led to the evolution of an entirely new and dedicated bowed string instrument that retained many of the features of the original plucked vihuela: a flat back, sharp waist-cuts, frets, thin ribs ( initially ), and an identical tuning — hence its original name, vihuela de arco ; arco is Spanish for " bow ".

These pieces include: early compositions for piano solo in a conservative harmonic style, many of which are lost ; a string quartet ( opus 2 ); a cello sonata ; a piano quartet ; Violin Sonata in E flat ( 1888 ); as well as a handful of late pieces.

The top surface of the plectrum is flat and horizontal, and is held in the tongue of the jack, which permits it to pluck moving upward and pass almost silently past the string moving downward.

Eisler then used the music he composed for his Septet No. 2 (" Circus ") for flute and piccolo, clarinet in B flat, basson, and string quartet.

During the autumn of 1992 Lamont became a press target in a string of largely fabricated stories: that he had not paid his hotel bill for " champagne and large breakfasts " from the Conservative Party Conference ( in fact his bill had been forwarded on for settlement ); that he was in arrears on his personal Visa credit card bill ( true ); that in June 1991 he had used taxpayers ' money to handle the fall-out from press stories concerning sex therapist Lindi St Clair ( Miss Whiplash ), who was using a flat he owned ( the Treasury contributed £ 4, 700 of the £ 23, 000 bill which had been formally approved by the Head of the Civil Service and the Prime Minister ; there was never any suggestion that he had ever met her ); and that he had called at a newsagent in a seedy area of Paddington late at night to purchase champagne and cheap " Raffles " cigarettes.

For example, in the case of the bosonic open string theory in 26-dimensional flat spacetime, a general element of the Fock-space of the BRST quantized string takes the form ( in radial quantization in the upper half plane ),

Haydn's esteem for his impresario and orchestral leader can sometimes be seen in the symphonies ( for example, the cadenza in the slow movement of the 96th, the phrase marked Salomon solo ma piano in the trio of the 97th, and the florid violin part of the second movement of the 103rd ); the Sinfonia Concertante in B flat was composed for Salomon, who played the solo violin part ; and the six string quartets opp.

Abhinavagupta likens it to the string of a jeweled necklace ; while it may not be the most appealing for most people, it is the string that gives form to the necklace, allowing the jewels of the other eight rasas to be relished.

This length may have been chosen because it's twice the length of a violin string.

Any string of characters may or may not be a well-formed name for a file or a link depending upon the context of application.

A value expressed using an encoding scheme may thus be a token selected from a controlled vocabulary ( for example, a term from a classification system or set of subject headings ) or a string formatted in accordance with a formal notation, for example, " 2000-12-31 " as the ISO standard expression of a date.

Four-string instruments may feature the C extension extending the range of the E string downwards to C.

" Slap style " may have influenced electric bass guitar players who, from the mid-sixties ( particularly Larry Graham of Sly and the Family Stone ), developed a technique called slap and pop that used the thumb of the plucking hand to hit the string, making a slapping sound but still letting the note ring, and the index or middle finger of the plucking hand to pull the string back so it hits the fretboard, achieving the pop sound described above.

Taken in conjunction with the fact that a string of such parcels existed around Woensel, the original location of Eindhoven may be understood to be the " last hove on the land of Woensel ".

:* L-systems-use string rewriting ; may resemble branching patterns, such as in plants, biological cells ( e. g., neurons and immune system cells ), blood vessels, pulmonary structure, etc.

A number representation ( called a numeral system in mathematics ) specifies some way of storing a number that may be encoded as a string of digits.

It may be one piece ( typically on acoustic guitars ) or separate pieces, one for each string ( electric guitars and basses ).

Also, in order to change a string from one tone to another during a performance, a harp player must take one entire hand off the harp for a moment and switch the lever — this may cause an acoustic gap in a performance, as for a brief moment only one hand will be in use.

The diatonic row has the normal string coloration for a harp, but the chromatic row may be black.

A string may contain up to maximum 4 Gbytes.

This may have given him the confidence finally to complete a number of works that he had wrestled with over many years, such as the cantata Rinaldo, his first string quartet, third piano quartet, and most notably his first symphony.

It may consist of a length of one or several segments of rope, string, webbing, twine, strap, or even chain interwoven such that the line can bind to itself or to some other object — the " load ".

It may prove necessary to string nets or wires above the surface.

The " slippery slope " approach may also relate to the conjunction fallacy: with a long string of steps leading to an undesirable conclusion, the chance of all the steps actually occurring in sequence is less than the chance of any one of the individual steps occurring alone.

Recent research by Eckhard Neubauer suggests ‘ ud may in turn be an Arabized version of the Persian name rud, which meant " string ", " stringed instrument ", or " lute ".