The proportion of cell volume that is cytosol varies: for example while this compartment forms the bulk of cell structure in bacteria, in plant cells the main compartment is the large central vacuole.

It used to be widely assumed that the inner membrane is the original membrane of the once independent prokaryote, while the outer one is the food vacuole ( phagosomal membrane ) it was enclosed in initially.

Another structure identified within many nucleoli ( particularly in plants ) is a clear area in the center of the structure referred to as a nucleolar vacuole.

A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells.

The cytosol is extremely reduced in these genera and the vacuole can occupy between 40 – 98 % of the cell.

The vacuole contains high concentrations of nitrate ions and is therefore thought to be a storage organelle.

Also called the vacuolar membrane, the tonoplast is the cytoplasmic membrane surrounding a vacuole, separating the vacuolar contents from the cell's cytoplasm.

Aside from storage, the main role of the central vacuole is to maintain turgor pressure against the cell wall.

Turgor pressure exerted by vacuoles is also required for cellular elongation: as the cell wall is partially degraded by the action of expansins, the less rigid wall is expanded by the pressure coming from within the vacuole.

Turgor pressure exerted by the vacuole is also essential in supporting plants in an upright position.

Another function of a central vacuole is that it pushes all contents of the cell's cytoplasm against the cellular membrane, and thus keeps the chloroplasts closer to light.

In garlic, alliin and the enzyme alliinase are normally separated but form allicin if the vacuole is broken.

In yeast cells the vacuole is a dynamic structure that can rapidly modify its morphology.

The invagination is pinched off, leaving the engulfed material in the membrane-enclosed vacuole and the cell membrane intact.

* Plant cells are known for having a large central vacuole in the center of the cell that is used for osmotic control and nutrient storage.

Under this action, salt is stored within the vacuole to protect such delicate areas.

Since the bacterium is sessile, and the concentration of available nitrate fluctuates considerably over time, it stores nitrate at high concentration ( up to 800 millimolar ) in a large vacuole, like an inflated balloon, which is responsible for about 80 % of its size.

A phagosome is a vacuole formed around a particle absorbed by phagocytosis.

In Paramecium, which presumably has the most complex and highly evolved CV, the vacuole is surrounded by several canals, which absorb water by osmosis from the cytoplasm.

* A large central vacuole, a water-filled volume enclosed by a membrane known as the tonoplast maintains the cell's turgor, controls movement of molecules between the cytosol and sap, stores useful material and digests waste proteins and organelles.

The vacuole is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around the particle.

It was first used in 1846 by Hugo von Mohl to describe the " tough, slimy, granular, semi-fluid " substance within plant cells, to distinguish this from the cell wall, cell nucleus and the cell sap within the vacuole.

Thousands of merozoites are formed and released into the host cell cytoplasm by complete disintegration of this parasitophorous vacuole membrane.

Beneath this vacuole is found an array of microtubules that are connected to the inner membrane by intramembranous particles.

These have common features with animal apoptosis — for instance, nuclear DNA degradation — but they also have their own peculiarities, such as nuclear degradation triggered by the collapse of the vacuole in tracheary elements of the xylem.

Cytolysis can be prevented by several different mechanisms, including the contractile vacuole that exists in some paramecia, which rapidly pump water out of the cell.

All of these plants have these glycosides stored in the vacuole, but, if the plant is attacked, they are released and become activated by enzymes in the cytoplasm.

Digestion is accomplished by means of a syncytium that forms a vacuole around ingested food.

Inside the vacuole, nutrient availability is low, the high demand of amino acids by not covered by the transport of free amino acids found in the host cytoplasm.

To obtain amino acids, Legionella pneumophila uses the AnkB bona fide F-Box effector, which is farnesylated by the activity of three host enzymes localized in the membrane of the LCV ( Legionella containig vacuole ): farnesyltransferase ( FTase ), Ras-converting enzyme-1 protease ( RCE1 ), and isoprenyl cysteine carboxyl methyl transferase ( IcmT ).

have observed inhibition of digestive vacuole cysteine protease activity of malarial parasites by artemether.

This would also be consistent with data showing that the digestive vacuole is already established by the mid-ring stage of the parasite's blood cycle, a stage that is sensitive to artemether but not other antimalarials.

Chloroquine enters the red blood cell, inhabiting parasite cell, and digestive vacuole by simple diffusion.

Chloroquine then becomes protonated ( to CQ2 +), as the digestive vacuole is known to be acidic ( pH 4. 7 ); chloroquine then cannot leave by diffusion.

The vacuole is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around the particle.

It is implied that effective drug treatments can be developed by targeting the proteolytic enzymes of the food vacuole.

With rare exceptions, plant cells also have a central vacuole, cytoplasm, cytosol, dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, microbodies, microfilaments, microtubules, mitochondria, plasma membrane, plastids, protoplasm, ribosomes, storage products, and a cell wall.

It also has a contractile vacuole that removes water so that the cell does not burst due to the excessive water that can freely enter the membrane due to its semi-permeable nature.

The structure itself consists of a subpellicular membrane vacuole.

The pellicle of the ookinete is composed of three membranes: the plasma membrane, and the two linked intermediate and inner membranes which form one flattened vacuole located beneath the plasma membrane.

The parasitophorous vacuole membrane ruptures at multiple sites within less than a minute following ingestion.

After this rupture of the vacuole the subpellicular membrane begins to disintegrate.

In a hypertonic environment, the cell membrane peels off of the cell wall and the vacuole collapses.

Electron microscopic evidence linking artemisinin action to the parasite's digestive vacuole has been obtained showing that the digestive vacuole membrane suffers damage soon after parasites are exposed to artemether.

Although the cell wall is not actually destroyed, the vacuole seems to increase in size and finally collapses, releasing its components into the cytosol. The plasma membrane seems to be appressed to the cell wall.

* Autophagosome, intracytoplasmic vacuole / membrane bound body that is involved in cytoplasmic degradation