Rieux is like a witness who exercises restraint when called to testify about a crime ; he describes what the characters said and did, without speculating about their thoughts and feelings, although he does offer generalized assessments of the shifting mood of the town as a whole.

The Porvoo Common Statement ( 1996 ), agreed to by the Anglican churches of the British Isles and most of the Lutheran churches of Scandinavia and the Baltic, also stated that " the continuity signified in the consecration of a bishop to episcopal ministry cannot be divorced from the continuity of life and witness of the diocese to which he is called.

In law, cross-examination is the interrogation of a witness called by one's opponent.

Since a witness called by the opposing party is presumed to be hostile, cross-examination does permit leading questions.

Trumbo, along with nine other writers and directors, was called before the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) as an unfriendly witness to testify on the presence of communist influence in Hollywood.

Direct examination is the questioning of a witness by the party who called him or her, in a trial.

An exception to this rule occurs if one side has called a witness, but it is either understood, or soon becomes plain, that the witness is hostile to the questioner's side of the controversy.

The lawyer may then ask the court to declare the person he or she has called to the stand a hostile witness.

In this case, they may be called upon to give opinion evidence as an expert witness.

In Scots Law, Davie v Magistrates of Edinburgh ( 1953 ) provides authority that where a witness has particular knowledge or skills in an area being examined by the court, and has been called to court in order to elaborate on that area for the benefit of the court, that witness may give evidence of his opinion on that area.

A witness called by the opposing party is presumed hostile.

A witness called by the direct examiner can be declared hostile by a judge, at the request of the examiner, when the witness ' testimony is openly antagonistic or clearly prejudiced to the opposing party.

When the house was ready to pass the Act for dissolution, Mr. Crew who had been as forward as any man in beginning and carrying on the war against the last King, moved, that before they dissolved themselves, they would bear their witness against the horrid murder, as he called it, of the King.

In the last week of April 1555, Elizabeth was released from house arrest, and called to court as a witness to the birth, which was expected imminently.

With the omission of the law of the excluded middle as an axiom, the remaining logical system has an existence property which classical logic does not: whenever is proven constructively, then in fact is proven constructively for ( at least ) one particular, often called a witness.

The third action was to replace the text of " Amendment B " with new text: " Those who are called to ordained service in the church, by their assent to the constitutional questions for ordination and installation ( W-4. 4003 ), pledge themselves to live lives obedient to Jesus Christ the Head of the Church, striving to follow where he leads through the witness of the Scriptures, and to understand the Scriptures through the instruction of the Confessions.

This created a storm of public protest, compounded when Buck was called as a witness to the trial and repeated the allegations in open court.

Selvi vs. State of Karnataka " held that narco, polygraph ( also called Lie-detector ) and brain mapping tests to be unconstitutional as they violate article 20 ( 3 ) of the Constitution ( which says that a person can not be compelled to be a witness against himself ).

During the first years of Cnut's reign, Emma was rarely called upon to act as witness to his acts.

In later interviews, Kazan explained some of the early events that made him decide to become a friendly witness, most notably in relation to the Group Theater, which he called his first " family ," and the " best thing professionally " that ever happened to him:

Fifteen years ago, troubled by the rising tide of materialism in the post-war world, a businessman and a minister asked themselves if there might not be a place for a small magazine in which men and women, regardless of creed or color, could set forth boldly their religious convictions and bear witness to the power of faith to solve the endless problems of living.

After Christians in Ephesus first wrote to their counterparts recommending Apollos to them, he went to Achaia where Paul names him as an apostle ( 1 Cor 4: 6, 9-13 ) Given that Paul only saw himself as an apostle ' untimely born ' ( 1 Cor 15: 8 ) it is certain that Apollos became an apostle in the regular way ( as a witness to the risen Lord and commissioned by Jesus-1 Cor 15: 5-9 ; 1 Cor 9: 1 ).< ref > So the Alexandrian recension ; the text in < sup > 38 </ sup > and Codex Bezae indicate that Apollos went to Corinth.

Ar., lxiv, and De Syn., xviii ), St Athanasius does not recall from memory being a first hand witness to the onset of the great persecution by the Tetrarchy of Diocletian and Maximian in February 303, for in referring to the events of this period he makes no direct appeal to his own personal recollections, but falls back on tradition.

Since the witness of their lives was not as unequivocal as that of the martyrs, they were venerated publicly only with the approval by the local bishop.

* If the Venerable was not a martyr – all non-martyrs are " confessors " as they " confessed " or bore witness to their faith by how they lived their lives – it must be proven that a miracle has taken place by his or her intercession: that is, that God has shown a sign that the person is enjoying the Beatific Vision by God performing a miracle in response to the Blessed's prayers.

Calef's book was inspired by the fear that Mather would succeed in once again stirring up new witchcraft trials, and the need to bear witness to the horrible experiences of New Englanders in 1692.

There is a measure of drama that cross-examination adds to any trial because of the challenging of the statements made by a witness.

An example of an inflammatory way a question will be asked by a cross-examiner to a witness he was trying to undermine would be " What is your recollection toDAY?

The opinions by a jury or judge are often changed during cross examination if doubt is cast on the witness.

Indeed, in the United States, cross-examination is seen as a core part of the entire adversarial system of justice, in that it " is the principal means by which the believability of a witness and the truth of his testimony are tested.

The following year, Constantine was again in England at Æthelstan's court, this time at Cirencester where he appears as a witness, appearing as the first of several subject kings, followed by Owen of Strathclyde and Hywel Dda, who subscribed to the diploma.

Consequently, the 16th and 17th centuries were to witness a succession of armed Druze rebellions against the Ottomans, countered by repeated Ottoman punitive expeditions against the Chouf, in which the Druze population of the area was severely depleted and many villages destroyed.

In law, an expert witness must be recognized by argument and authority.

In the United States federal courts, a cross-examining attorney is typically not permitted to ask questions that do not pertain to the testimony offered during direct examination, but most state courts do permit a lawyer to cross-examine a witness on matters not raised during direct examination.

Aelian's anecdotes on animals rarely depend on direct observation: they are almost entirely taken from written sources, often Pliny the Elder, but also other authors and works now lost, to whom he is thus a valuable witness.

If the court does so, the lawyer may thereafter ply the witness with leading questions during direct examination.

P52 is small, and although a plausible reconstruction can be attempted for most of the fourteen lines represented, the proportion of the text of the Gospel of John for which it provides a direct witness is so small that it is rarely cited in textual debate.

A hostile witness is a witness in a trial who testifies for the opposing party or a witness who offers adverse testimony to the calling party during direct examination.

An examiner may generally ask leading questions of a hostile witness or on cross-examination ( to elicit testimony which the witness might be reluctant to volunteer ), but not on direct examination ( to " coach " the witness to provide a particular answer ).

: Leading questions should not be used on the direct examination of a witness except as may be necessary to develop the witness ' testimony.

As the rule recognizes, the examination of a " hostile witness, an adverse party, or a witness identified with an adverse party " will sometimes take place on direct examination, and leading questions are permitted.

Leading questions may also be permitted on direct examination when a witness requires special handling, for example a child.

Throughout the first decade ( 1890 – 1900 ) of commercial production of the earliest crude disc records, the direct acid-etch method first invented by Cros was used to create the metal master discs, but Cros was not around to claim any credit or to witness the humble beginnings of the eventually rich phonographic library he had foreseen.

When a witness is presented for testimony in the U. S. judicial system, the order is " direct " testimony, then the opposing attorney does " cross " and then " redirect " from the attorney first offering the witness.

The side that calls the witness first asks questions, in what is called direct examination.