The Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES ) is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U. S. National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) in 2002.

AES has been adopted by the U. S. government and is now used worldwide.

The algorithm described by AES is a symmetric-key algorithm, meaning the same key is used for both encrypting and decrypting the data.

AES is included in the ISO / IEC 18033-3 standard.

AES is available in many different encryption packages, and is the first publicly accessible and open cipher approved by the National Security Agency ( NSA ) for top secret information when used in an NSA approved cryptographic module ( see Security of AES, below ).

Strictly speaking, the AES standard is a variant of Rijndael where the block size is restricted to 128 bits.

AES is based on a design principle known as a substitution-permutation network, and is fast in both software and hardware.

For AES, the first row is left unchanged.

For a 256-bit block, the first row is unchanged and the shifting for the second, third and fourth row is 1 byte, 3 bytes and 4 bytes respectively — this change only applies for the Rijndael cipher when used with a 256-bit block, as AES does not use 256-bit blocks.

This is one of the reasons why AES supports a 256-bit key length.

The arcade version of the video game hardware is often referred to as the " MVS ," or Multi Video System ( available in 1-slot, 2-slot, 4-slot, and 6-slot variations, the latter being capable of up to six cartridges loaded into one machine ), with its console counterpart referred to as the " AES ", or Advanced Entertainment System ( most likely to distinguish it from the Nintendo Entertainment System, the dominating console on the market at the time ). Neo Geo AES motherboard.

Auger electron spectroscopy ( AES ; pronounced in French ) is a common analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces and, more generally, in the area of materials science.

The Auger effect is an electronic process at the heart of AES resulting from the inter-and intrastate transitions of electrons in an excited atom.

The escape depth of electrons is therefore localized to within a few nanometers of the target surface, giving AES an extreme sensitivity to surface species.

A typical AES setup is shown schematically in figure 2.

Since the intensity of the Auger peaks may be small compared to the noise level of the background, AES is often run in a derivative mode which serves to highlight the peaks by modulating the electron collection current via a small applied AC voltage.

Originally called Rijndael, the cipher was developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, who submitted to the AES selection process.

AES operates on a 4 × 4 column-major order matrix of bytes, termed the state, although some versions of Rijndael have a larger block size and have additional columns in the state.

The National Security Agency ( NSA ) reviewed all the AES finalists, including Rijndael, and stated that all of them were secure enough for U. S. Government non-classified data.

Examples of popular and well-respected symmetric algorithms include Twofish, Serpent, AES ( Rijndael ), Blowfish, CAST5, RC4, 3DES, and IDEA.

On October 2, 2000, NIST announced that Rijndael had been selected as the proposed AES and started the process of making it the official standard by publishing an announcement in the Federal Register on February 28, 2001 for the draft FIPS to solicit comments.

The winner of the AES contest, Rijndael, supports block and key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits, but in AES the block size is always 128 bits.

Serpent is a symmetric key block cipher which was a finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES ) contest, where it came second to Rijndael.

Hence, Rijndael was selected as the winner in the AES competition.

The XSL attack, if effective, would weaken Serpent ( though not as much as it would weaken Rijndael, which became AES ).

In cryptography, an SP-network, or substitution-permutation network ( SPN ), is a series of linked mathematical operations used in block cipher algorithms such as AES ( Rijndael ).

One of their joint projects resulted in the algorithm Rijndael, which in October 2000 was selected by the National Institute for Standards and Technology ( NIST ) to become the Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES ).

* AES *: ( Advanced Encryption Standard ) ( NIST, FIPS Pub 197 ) ( aka Rijndael )

Some ciphers, such as Rijndael ( AES ) and Blowfish, use parts of the cipher algorithm itself for this key expansion, sometimes initialized with some " nothing up my sleeve numbers ".

It has caused some controversy as it was claimed to have the potential to break the Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES ) cipher — also known as Rijndael — faster than an exhaustive search.

Courtois and Pieprzyk ( 2002 ) observed that AES ( Rijndael ) and partially also Serpent could be expressed as a system of quadratic equations.

In AES 4 Conference, Bonn 2004, one of the inventors of Rijndael, Vincent Rijmen, commented, " The XSL attack is not an attack.

– minimum cipher strength of the Rijndael and AES encryption standards, and of the widely used MD5 cryptographic message digest algorithm

The block cipher Rijndael / AES uses a key of up to 256 bits, resulting in a key space containing over 2 < sup > 256 </ sup > ( or 1. 1579 × 10 < sup > 77 </ sup >) keys.

The Rijndael S-box is a matrix ( square array of numbers ) used in the Rijndael cypher, also known as the Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES ) cryptographic algorithm.

AES ( Rijndael ) uses a key schedule to expand a short key into a number of separate round keys.

Major new features in AIX 6. 1 included full role-based access control, workload partitions ( which enable application mobility ), enhanced security ( Addition of AES encryption type for NFS v3 and v4 ) and Live Partition Mobility on the POWER6 hardware.

Neo Geo CD game prices were low at $ 50, in contrast to Neo Geo AES game cartridges, which cost as much as $ 300.

While the Neo Geo CD library consisted primarily of ports of MVS and AES titles, there were a few MVS arcade games which were not officially released for the Neo Geo AES and ported instead to the Neo Geo CD.

A few games which were unreleased in MVS and AES formats were also released exclusively for the Neo Geo CD.

A further round of intense analysis and cryptanalysis followed, culminating in the AES3 conference in April 2000, at which a representative of each of the final five teams made a presentation arguing why their design should be chosen as the AES.

Within that period of fall and winter of 2003, SNK Playmore obtained an injunction against a group of four different companies, which resulted in hundreds of AES cartridges being seized.

SNK Playmore would within the same year discontinue the AES system, preferring to publish video games in cooperation with Sammy, using its Atomiswave arcade board, which would provide it a more secure platform for new arcade releases.

He had previously created WINX which was a TOS extension that both provided some bugfixes as well as offered some nice new features, some of which was not yet seen even in the last AES 4. 1 from Atari.

The AES submission paper discuss the changes, which include key scheduling differences.

AES has recently announced plans to add on a gas fired generator which would approximately double the electricity output of Kilroot.

The number of free terms is 11696, which is approximately the same number as for AES.

The method has a high work-factor, which unless lessened, means the technique does not reduce the effort to break AES in comparison to an exhaustive search.

In 2003, Murphy and Robshaw discovered an alternative description of AES, embedding it in a larger cipher called " BES ", which can be described using very simple operations over a single field, GF ( 2 < sup > 8 </ sup >).

An XSL attack mounted on this system yields a simpler set of equations which would break AES with complexity of around 2 < sup > 100 </ sup >, if the Courtois and Pieprzyk analysis is correct.

AES was only used to store the key, which was easy to recover without breaking AES.

The WAPI standard ( draft JTC1 / SC6 / N14619 ) allows selection of the symmetric encryption algorithm, either AES or SMS4, which has been declassified in January 2006 and passed evaluation by independent experts.

During the transition period from MIFARE Classic to MIFARE Plus where only a few readers might support AES in the first place, it offers an optional AES authentication in Security Level 1 ( which is in fact MIFARE Classic operation ).