In the 10th century, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi carried out observations on the stars and described their positions, magnitudes and star color, and gave drawings for each constellation, in his Book of Fixed Stars.

Abd al-Rahman I, or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu ' awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 731 – 788 ) ( Arabic: عبد الرحمن الداخل ) was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba ( 755 ), a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries ( including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ).

Born near Damascus in Syria, Abd al-Rahman, grandson of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, was the son of the Umayyad prince Mu ' awiyah ibn Hisham and a Berber mother.

Abd al-Rahman and a small selection of his family fled Damascus, where the center of Umayyad power had been ; people moving with him include his brother Yahiya, his four-year old son Sulayman, and some of his sisters, as well as his former Greek slave ( a freedman ), Bedr.

Abbasid agents closed in on Abd al-Rahman and his family while they were hiding in a small village.

Some histories indicate that Bedr met up with Abd al-Rahman at a later date.

Later, on the way south, Abbasid horsemen again caught up with the trio: Abd al-Rahman and his companions then threw themselves into the River Euphrates.

While trying to swim across the dangerous Euphrates, Abd al-Rahman is said to have become separated from his brother Yahiya, who began swimming back towards the horsemen, possibly from fear of drowning.

Al-Maqqari quotes prior Muslim historians as having recorded that Abd al-Rahman said he was so overcome with fear at that moment, that once he made the far shore he ran until exhaustion overcame him.

After barely escaping with their lives, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr continued south through Palestine, the Sinai, and then into Egypt.

Abd al-Rahman had to keep a low profile as he traveled.

At the time, Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri was the semi-autonomous governor of Ifriqiya ( roughly, modern Tunisia ) and a former Umayyad client.

Abd al-Rahman was only one of several surviving Umayyad family members to make their way to Ifriqiya at this time.

At the time, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr were keeping a low profile, staying in Kabylia, at the camp of a Nafza Berber chieftain friendly to their plight.

When Ibn Habib's soldiers entered the camp, the Berber chieftain ’ s wife Tekfah hid Abd al-Rahman under her personal belongings to help him go unnoticed.

In 755, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr reached modern day Morocco near Ceuta.

Their next step would be to cross the sea to al-Andalus, where Abd al-Rahman could not have been sure whether or not he would be welcomed.

At that moment, the nominal ruler of al-Andalus, emir Yusuf ibn ' Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri ( another member of the Fihrid family, and a favorite of the old Arab settlers ( baladiyun ), mostly of south Arabian or ' Yemenite ' tribal stock ) was locked in a contest with his vizier ( and son-in-law ) al-Sumayl ibn Hatim al-Qilabi, the head of the new settlers ( shamiyum, the Syrian junds or military regiments, mostly of north Arabian Qaysid tribes, which had arrived only in 742 ).

17th century historian Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari poignantly described Abd al-Rahman's reaction as he implored Yahiya to keep going: " O brother!

In 779 Abd ar-Rahman offered the job of Zaragoza's governorship to one of Sulayman's allies, a man named al-Husayn ibn Yahiya.

Accounts vary, but Bedr likely initially escaped with Abd ar-Rahman.

Once they were gone, Abd a-Rahman and Bedr immediately set off westwards.

Bedr managed to line up three Syrian commanders – Obeid Allah ibn Uthman and Abd Allah ibn Khalid, both originally of Damascus, and Yusuf ibn Bukht of Qinnasrin.

Bedr returned to Africa to tell Abd al-Rahman of the invitation of the Umayyad clients in al-Andulus.

Later Hamama passed into Muslim Mamluk hands, and by 1333 / 4 CE ( 734 H .) some of the income from the village formed part of a waqf of the tomb ( turba ) and madrasa of Aqbugha b. Abd Allah in Cairo.

During the 1948 Arab – Israeli War Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni attempted to lead the village's residents in an attack against the neighboring Jewish village of Neve Yaakov.

As an aspect of his attempt to curtail the rampant illegal export of Egyptian antiquities by tourists, collectors and agents for the major European and American museums, Maspero arrested the Abd al-Russul brothers from the notorious treasure-hunting village of Gorna, who confessed under torture to having found the great cache of royal mummies at Deir el-Bahri in July 1881.

Its name is linked to the local saint Mohamed Ben Abd ' Allah El Mediouni who may be an Almoravide coming from the village of Mediouna near Casablanca in Morocco.

The Umayyad Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, a paranoid ruler, will have Abd el-Aziz assassinated and sends Musa ibn Nusayr into exile in his native Yemen village to live out his days as a beggar.

He was a landowner from the village of Saman in Balkh province in northern Afghanistan, who arrived in the early 8th century in Merv to the court of the Caliphal governor of Khorasan, Asad ibn ‘ Abd Allah al-Qasri ( 723-727 ), adopted Islam under his patronage, and named his son Asad in his honor.

The encounter between the two rulers finally took place in 939, when, at the so-called ditch of Simancas ( Shant Mankus ), Ramiro II of León severely defeated the Muslims, and Abd al-Rahman III narrowly escapes with his life.

Abd al-Rahman's establishment of a government in al-Andalus represented a branching from the rest of the Islamic Empire, which had been brought under the Abbasid following the overthrow of the Umayyads from Damascus in 750.

Much of the surrounding area of Beja capitulated to al-Ala, and in fact rallied under the Abbasid banners against Abd al-Rahman.

* An Abbasid army reconquers Kairouan from ' Abd al-Rahman Ibn Rustam.

The Umayyad dynasty was expelled, driven back to Al-Andalus where Abd ar-Rahman I established an emirate in Córdoba in opposition to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad.

The Abbasid caliphate was founded by the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib ( 566-653 ), in Kufa in 750 CE and shifted its capital in 762 to Baghdad.

The Abbasid caliphs were Arabs descended from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad, because of which they considered themselves the true successor of Muhammad as opposed to the Umayyads.

Behzādān pour Vandād Hormozd AKA Abu Muslim Abd Rahman ibn Muslim Khorasani or Khorasani ( Behzādān pour Vandād Hormozd, in, c. 700 – 755 ) was an Abbasid general of Persian origin, who led the first major and organized liberal movement against the Umayyad dynasty.

The new Abbasid rulers, who had risen to power on the basis of their claim to descent from Muhammad's uncle ‘ Abbas ibn ‘ Abd al-Muttalib, were extremely suspicious of Ja ' far al-Sadiq, whom many considered to have a better claim to the caliphate.

The Abbasid caliphate was founded by the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, in Harran in 750 CE and shifted its capital in 762 to Baghdad.

Also names of the Abbasid Chaliph were inscribed on her coins: Abd Allah ben al-Mustansir Billah.

They founded, alongside missionaries and imams such as Abu Abd Allah ash-Chi ' i and Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi, the Fatimid dynasty, which eventually replaced the Arab emirate of the Aghlabids, who controlled Ifriqiya ( North Africa ) 800-909, nominally as vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate.

After the fall of the ' Abbasid caliphate the legend of Gilani was further spread by a text entitled The Joy of the Secrets in Abdul-Qadir's Mysterious Deeds ( Bahjat al-asrar fi ba'd manaqib ' Abd al-Qadir ) attributed to Nur al-Din ' Ali al-Shattanufi, who depicted Gilani is the ultimate channel of divine grace and helped the Qadiri order to spread far beyond the region of Baghdad.

Other Sunni include all Muhammad's descendants and sometimes the descendants of his paternal uncle, ‘ Abbas ibn ‘ Abd al-Muttalib, the founders of the Abbasid Caliphate.