In the 10th century, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi carried out observations on the stars and described their positions, magnitudes and star color, and gave drawings for each constellation, in his Book of Fixed Stars.

Abd al-Rahman I, or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu ' awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 731 – 788 ) ( Arabic: عبد الرحمن الداخل ) was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba ( 755 ), a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries ( including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ).

Born near Damascus in Syria, Abd al-Rahman, grandson of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, was the son of the Umayyad prince Mu ' awiyah ibn Hisham and a Berber mother.

Abd al-Rahman and a small selection of his family fled Damascus, where the center of Umayyad power had been ; people moving with him include his brother Yahiya, his four-year old son Sulayman, and some of his sisters, as well as his former Greek slave ( a freedman ), Bedr.

Abbasid agents closed in on Abd al-Rahman and his family while they were hiding in a small village.

Some histories indicate that Bedr met up with Abd al-Rahman at a later date.

Abd al-Rahman, Yahiya and Bedr quit the village narrowly escaping the Abbasid assassins.

Later, on the way south, Abbasid horsemen again caught up with the trio: Abd al-Rahman and his companions then threw themselves into the River Euphrates.

While trying to swim across the dangerous Euphrates, Abd al-Rahman is said to have become separated from his brother Yahiya, who began swimming back towards the horsemen, possibly from fear of drowning.

Al-Maqqari quotes prior Muslim historians as having recorded that Abd al-Rahman said he was so overcome with fear at that moment, that once he made the far shore he ran until exhaustion overcame him.

After barely escaping with their lives, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr continued south through Palestine, the Sinai, and then into Egypt.

Abd al-Rahman had to keep a low profile as he traveled.

At the time, Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri was the semi-autonomous governor of Ifriqiya ( roughly, modern Tunisia ) and a former Umayyad client.

Abd al-Rahman was only one of several surviving Umayyad family members to make their way to Ifriqiya at this time.

At the time, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr were keeping a low profile, staying in Kabylia, at the camp of a Nafza Berber chieftain friendly to their plight.

When Ibn Habib's soldiers entered the camp, the Berber chieftain ’ s wife Tekfah hid Abd al-Rahman under her personal belongings to help him go unnoticed.

In 755, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr reached modern day Morocco near Ceuta.

Their next step would be to cross the sea to al-Andalus, where Abd al-Rahman could not have been sure whether or not he would be welcomed.

At that moment, the nominal ruler of al-Andalus, emir Yusuf ibn ' Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri ( another member of the Fihrid family, and a favorite of the old Arab settlers ( baladiyun ), mostly of south Arabian or ' Yemenite ' tribal stock ) was locked in a contest with his vizier ( and son-in-law ) al-Sumayl ibn Hatim al-Qilabi, the head of the new settlers ( shamiyum, the Syrian junds or military regiments, mostly of north Arabian Qaysid tribes, which had arrived only in 742 ).

After his death, ‘ Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ’ s head was brought to Damascus and displayed publicly to an audience where the caliph knew that his father, Ibn Musa ibn Nusayr, was in attendance.

Muwaffaq al-Din Muhammad ' Abd al-Latif ibn Yusuf al-Baghdadi (; 1162 – 1231 ), more commonly known as ' Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi or ' Abdallatif al-Baghdadi (), born in Baghdad, Iraq, was a celebrated physician, historian, Egyptologist and traveller, and one of the most voluminous writers of the Near East in his time.

One of the Berbers held on to Abd al-Rahman's vessel as it made for al-Andalus, and allegedly had his hand cut off by one of the boat's crew.

Abd al-Rahman had no banner, and so one was improvised by unwinding a green turban and binding it round the head of a spear.

During a large revolt, dissidents marched on Córdoba itself ; However, Abd al-Rahman always managed to stay one step ahead, and crushed all opposition ; as he always dealt severely with dissidence in al-Andalus.

In 779 Abd ar-Rahman offered the job of Zaragoza's governorship to one of Sulayman's allies, a man named al-Husayn ibn Yahiya.

Then they suggested Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( one the greatest of the Umayyad caliphs ), but again no.

The tenth Umayyad caliph, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, built a palatial complex known as Khirbet al-Mafjar about one mile north of Tell as-Sultan in 743, and two mosques, a courtyard, mosaics, and other items from it can still be seen in situ today, despite its having been partially destroyed in an earthquake in 747.

These wars largely ended with Arab defeats, with a fairly well-known commander, Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah, perishing in one instance.

Honigmann discusses the view that Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud ben Mohammed Anoun, Moorish ambassador of the Arab King of Barbary to Queen Elizabeth I in 1600, was one inspiration for Othello.

The Abbasid caliphs were Arabs descended from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad, because of which they considered themselves the true successor of Muhammad as opposed to the Umayyads.

In 691 an octagonal Islamic building topped by a dome was built by the Caliph Abd al-Malik around the rock, for a myriad of political, dynastic and religious reasons, built on local and Koranic traditions articulating the site's holiness, a process in which textual and architectural narratives reinforced one another.

14th century Muslim historian Ibn Khaldun states: "` Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan is one of the greatest Arab and Muslim Caliphs.

` Abd al-Malik then appointed one of his most able generals and administrators who would later change the face of the Umayyad Empire, al-Hajjaj bin Yousef to march against ` Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr, the governor of Hejaz.

Imaam Ibn ‘ Abd al-Barr said in al-Tamheed: “ It is forbidden to shave the beard, and no one does this except men who are effeminate ” i. e., those who imitate women.

Replying to a hypothetical question as to why God does not do that which is ethically wrong ( la yaf ` alu al-qabih ), ' Abd al-Jabbar replied ( as translated in Martin et al., 1997 ): Because He knows the immorality of all unethical acts and that He is self-sufficient without them … For one of us who knows the immorality of injustice and lying, if he knows that he is self-sufficient without them and has no need of them, it would be impossible for him to choose them, insofar as he knows of their immorality and his sufficiency without them.

He quoted four levels of strength for praise from Ibn Abi Hatim and Ibn al-Salah, adding that al-Dhahabi and Abd al-Rahim ibn al-Husain al -' Iraqi added an additional level and Ibn Ḥajr one above that.

By 1935 al-Husseini did take control of one clandestine organization, of whose nature he had not been informed until the preceding year, which had been set up in 1931 by Musa Kazim al-Husayni's son, Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni and recruited from the Palestinian Arab Boy Scout movement, called the ' Holy Struggle ' ( al-jihad al-muqaddas ).

The Arab League blocked recruitment to al-Husseini's forces, and they collapsed following the death of one of his most charismatic commanders, Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, on 8 April 1948.

Faisal's maternal grandfather, Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh, was one of Abdulaziz's principal religious teachers and advisers.

Referring to the study performed in 2007 by Saleh Abd al-Jawad, Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War, she writes that the massacres engaged Palestinian historians ' concerns relatively late, but that when ' Palestinians began to write their history, the issue of massacres inevitably became one of the relevant factors in accounting for the mass exodus.

Al-Fihri would have to report once a day to Abd al-Rahman, as well as turn over some of his sons and daughters as hostages.

Abd al-Rahman was the father of several sons, but the identity of their mother ( s ) is not clear:

Despite the fact that four of his sons ( Aban, Abd al Rahman, Muhammad and Ahmad ) were alive at the time of his death, all of them were passed over for succession.

Abd ar-Rahman launched three different campaigns against Ibn Hafsun ( who died in 917 ) and his sons.

Muhammad ibn ' Abd Al-Wahhab had six sons ; Hussain, Abdullah, Hassan, Ali and Ibrahim and Abdul-Aziz who died in his youth.

He was married to Sahar al-Rashid ; the daughter of Maher Abd al-Rashid, a top ranking military official, and had three sons ;< ref > http :// www. ctv. ca / servlet / ArticleNews / story / CTVNews / 20030722 / uday_qusay_030722 / CTV. ca Who were Uday and Qusay Hussein?

Legend says that their father, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, separated his conjoined sons with a sword and that some priests believed that the blood that had flowed between them signified wars between their progeny ( confrontations did occur between Banu al ' Abbas and Banu Ummaya ibn ' Abd Shams in the year 750 AH ).

One of Musa's sons, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, married an Iberian woman, who was either the daughter or wife of Roderic.

In addition, they allegedly hired a group of local Misratans to assassinate Abd al-Qasim, another one Umar's sons.

When he came to power, he was challenged by his uncles Sulayman and Abdallah, sons of his grandfather Abd ar-Rahman I. Abdallah took his two sons Ubayd Allah and Abd al-Malik to the court of Charlemagne in Aix-la-Chapelle to negotiate for aid.

So was her husband, Mir Mohammad Ali, and her sons Mir Rashid, Mir Abd al-Razzaq and Mir Yahya.

Abd al-Malik was one of the sons of the Saadi Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh, who was assassinated by the Ottomans in 1557 by order of Hasan Pasha, son of Barbarossa, as he was preparing for an alliance with Spain against the Ottomans.

He is replaced by Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali, one of the sons of Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman who until this time had been held locked up in the palace of Fes.

He was succeeded in Fes by his sons Abdallah II ( r. 1613-1623 ) and after that his son Abd el Malek ( r. 1623-1627 ).

Legend says that their father, ' Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, separated his conjoined sons with a sword and that some priests believed that the blood that had flown between them signified wars between their progeny ( confrontations did occur between Banu al ' Abbas and Banu Ummaya ibn ' Abd Shams in the year 750 AH ).

Therefore the sons of ' Abd Manaf should have the rights of levying the tax and providing for the pilgrims with food and drink, whereas the sons of Abd ad-Dar should retain the keys of the Ka ' aba and their rights, and that their house should continue to be the House of Assembly.