In the 10th century, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi carried out observations on the stars and described their positions, magnitudes and star color, and gave drawings for each constellation, in his Book of Fixed Stars.

Abd al-Rahman I, or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu ' awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 731 – 788 ) ( Arabic: عبد الرحمن الداخل ) was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba ( 755 ), a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries ( including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ).

Born near Damascus in Syria, Abd al-Rahman, grandson of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, was the son of the Umayyad prince Mu ' awiyah ibn Hisham and a Berber mother.

Abd al-Rahman and a small selection of his family fled Damascus, where the center of Umayyad power had been ; people moving with him include his brother Yahiya, his four-year old son Sulayman, and some of his sisters, as well as his former Greek slave ( a freedman ), Bedr.

Abbasid agents closed in on Abd al-Rahman and his family while they were hiding in a small village.

Some histories indicate that Bedr met up with Abd al-Rahman at a later date.

Abd al-Rahman, Yahiya and Bedr quit the village narrowly escaping the Abbasid assassins.

Later, on the way south, Abbasid horsemen again caught up with the trio: Abd al-Rahman and his companions then threw themselves into the River Euphrates.

While trying to swim across the dangerous Euphrates, Abd al-Rahman is said to have become separated from his brother Yahiya, who began swimming back towards the horsemen, possibly from fear of drowning.

Al-Maqqari quotes prior Muslim historians as having recorded that Abd al-Rahman said he was so overcome with fear at that moment, that once he made the far shore he ran until exhaustion overcame him.

After barely escaping with their lives, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr continued south through Palestine, the Sinai, and then into Egypt.

Abd al-Rahman had to keep a low profile as he traveled.

At the time, Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri was the semi-autonomous governor of Ifriqiya ( roughly, modern Tunisia ) and a former Umayyad client.

Abd al-Rahman was only one of several surviving Umayyad family members to make their way to Ifriqiya at this time.

At the time, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr were keeping a low profile, staying in Kabylia, at the camp of a Nafza Berber chieftain friendly to their plight.

When Ibn Habib's soldiers entered the camp, the Berber chieftain ’ s wife Tekfah hid Abd al-Rahman under her personal belongings to help him go unnoticed.

In 755, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr reached modern day Morocco near Ceuta.

Their next step would be to cross the sea to al-Andalus, where Abd al-Rahman could not have been sure whether or not he would be welcomed.

At that moment, the nominal ruler of al-Andalus, emir Yusuf ibn ' Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri ( another member of the Fihrid family, and a favorite of the old Arab settlers ( baladiyun ), mostly of south Arabian or ' Yemenite ' tribal stock ) was locked in a contest with his vizier ( and son-in-law ) al-Sumayl ibn Hatim al-Qilabi, the head of the new settlers ( shamiyum, the Syrian junds or military regiments, mostly of north Arabian Qaysid tribes, which had arrived only in 742 ).

Caliph Al-Walid I died in 715 and was succeeded by his brother Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik.

Around 788 Abd ar-Rahman I died, and was succeeded by Hisham I.

* August 24 – After an intense power struggle, Sultan Abd al-Aziz IV of Morocco is deposed, and is succeeded by his brother Abd al-Hafiz.

* Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ( 724 – 743 ) is succeeded by al-Walid II ibn Abd al-Malik ( 743 – 744 ).

* Umayyad caliph Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik ( 720 – 724 ) is succeeded by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ( 724 – 743 ).

* Umayyad Caliphate: Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan dies and is succeeded by his son al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik.

* The Umayyad caliph Marwan I ( 684 – 685 ) is succeeded by Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 685 – 705 ).

* Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I is succeeded by Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik.

* Umayyad caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz is succeeded by Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik.

* February 27 – Arab Spring: As a result of ongoing protests, Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh is succeeded by Vice President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Al-Hadi.

In 1947, Abd el-Krim was given permission to live in the south of France, after being released for health concerns, he however succeeded in gaining asylum in Egypt instead, where he presided over the Liberation Committee for the Maghreb, and where he died in 1963, just after seeing his hopes of a Maghreb independent of colonial powers completed by the independence of Algeria.

Muhammad bin Qasim had begun preparations for further expansions when Hajjaj died, as did Caliph Al-Walid I, who was succeeded by Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, who then took revenge against all who had been close to Hajjaj.

Hisham was succeeded by his nephew al-Walid ibn Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik ( Walid II ).

He succeeded his uncle, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.

He was succeeded by his son Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar, who continued to rule Al-Andalus as Hajib until his death in 1008.

Al-Hakam II succeeded to the Caliphate after the death of his father Abd ar-Rahman III in 961.

Abd Al-Malik was succeeded as Sultan by his brother Ahmad al-Mansur, also known as Ahmed Addahbi, who conquered Timboktu and the Mali Empire.

After Muhammed died of natural causes, Abd al-ʿAziz succeeded him unopposed.

About 755 he was succeeded by Abd al-Rahman ben Uqba.

Abdallah instead chose as his successor his grandson, Abd al-Rahman III ( the son of his first son ).

Most importantly Abdallah gave Abd al-Rahman his ring, the symbol of power, when Abdallah fell ill prior to his death.

The list: Al-Qaida / Islamic Army, Abu Sayyaf Group, Armed Islamic Group ( GIA ), Harakat ul-Mujahidin ( HUM ), Al-Jihad ( Egyptian Islamic Jihad ), Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan ( IMU ), Asbat al-Ansar, Salafist Group for Call and Combat ( GSPC ), Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya ( AIAI ), Islamic Army of Aden, Osama bin Laden, Muhammad Atif ( aka, Subhi Abu Sitta, Abu Hafs Al Masri ) Sayf al-Adl, Shaykh Sai ' id ( aka, Mustafa Muhammad Ahmad ), Abu Hafs the Mauritanian ( aka, Mahfouz Ould al-Walid, Khalid Al-Shanqiti ), Ibn Al-Shaykh al-Libi, Abu Zubaydah ( aka, Zayn al-Abidin Muhammad Husayn, Tariq ), Abd al-Hadi al-Iraqi ( aka, Abu Abdallah ), Ayman al-Zawahiri, Thirwat Salah Shihata, Tariq Anwar al-Sayyid Ahmad ( aka, Fathi, Amr al-Fatih ), Muhammad Salah ( aka, Nasr Fahmi Nasr Hasanayn ), Makhtab Al-Khidamat / Al Kifah, Wafa Humanitarian Organization, Al Rashid Trust, Mamoun Darkazanli Import-Export Company

* Armenia: Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik invades Armenia to suppress the anti-Arab revolt.

* Byzantine Empire: Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik captures Mopsuestia in Cilicia from the Byzantines and refortifies it, making it the first Muslim base in the area that will later become the Thughur.

* The Umayyad prince Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik captures the Byzantine stronghold of Theodosiopolis.

:: Abd al-Ilaah: An equivalent to the common Muslim name Abdullah or Abdallah, meaning servant of God, is also used by Christians.

Famous local Sheikhs include Abdirahman bin Isma ' il al-Jabarti, an early Muslim leader in northern Somalia ; Abadir Umar Ar-Rida, the patron saint of Harar ; Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, Sheikh of the riwaq in Cairo who recorded the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt ; Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla ' i, scholar who played a crucial role in the spread of the Qadiriyyah movement in Somalia and East Africa ; Shaykh Sufi, 19th century scholar, poet, reformist and astrologist ; Abdallah al-Qutbi, polemicist, theologian and philosopher best known for his five-part Al-Majmu ' at al-mubaraka (" The Blessed Collection "); and Muhammad Al-Sumaalee, teacher in the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca who influenced many of the prominent Islamic scholars of today.

* Five < font color =" red ">♦</ font >: Abd al-Baqi Abd al-Karim Abdallah, Baath Party regional command chairman (# 40, was # 22 ).

Abu Abdallah's uncle, Abd Al-Malik, had taken it from Abu Abdallah with Ottoman empire support.

Abdullah or Abdallah is the primary transliteration of the Arabic given name,, built from the Arabic words Abd and Allah ( Allah itself composed of al-and Ilah ).

* Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik

She appealed to Yazid who replaced Abd al-Rahman with Abd al-Walid ibn Abdallah.

In Spain, the internal conflicts of the years past were ended, and Hisham's governor, Abd ar Rahman ibn Abdallah, assembled a large army that went into France.

When he came to power, he was challenged by his uncles Sulayman and Abdallah, sons of his grandfather Abd ar-Rahman I. Abdallah took his two sons Ubayd Allah and Abd al-Malik to the court of Charlemagne in Aix-la-Chapelle to negotiate for aid.

Abu ` Abdallah Muhammad XII ( Abū ‘ Abd Allāh Muḥammad al-thānī ‘ ashar ) ( c. 1460 – c. 1533 ), known as Boabdil ( a Spanish rendering of the name Abu Abdullah ), was the twenty-second and last Nasrid ruler of Granada in Iberia.

The combatants were the army of the deposed Moroccan Sultan Abu Abdallah Mohammed II, with his ally the King Sebastian of Portugal, and a large Moroccan army nominally under the new Sultan of Morocco ( and uncle of Abu Abdallah Mohammed II ) Abd Al-Malik I.