In the 10th century, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi carried out observations on the stars and described their positions, magnitudes and star color, and gave drawings for each constellation, in his Book of Fixed Stars.

Abd al-Rahman I, or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu ' awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 731 – 788 ) ( Arabic: عبد الرحمن الداخل ) was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba ( 755 ), a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries ( including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ).

Born near Damascus in Syria, Abd al-Rahman, grandson of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, was the son of the Umayyad prince Mu ' awiyah ibn Hisham and a Berber mother.

Abd al-Rahman and a small selection of his family fled Damascus, where the center of Umayyad power had been ; people moving with him include his brother Yahiya, his four-year old son Sulayman, and some of his sisters, as well as his former Greek slave ( a freedman ), Bedr.

Abbasid agents closed in on Abd al-Rahman and his family while they were hiding in a small village.

Some histories indicate that Bedr met up with Abd al-Rahman at a later date.

Abd al-Rahman, Yahiya and Bedr quit the village narrowly escaping the Abbasid assassins.

Later, on the way south, Abbasid horsemen again caught up with the trio: Abd al-Rahman and his companions then threw themselves into the River Euphrates.

While trying to swim across the dangerous Euphrates, Abd al-Rahman is said to have become separated from his brother Yahiya, who began swimming back towards the horsemen, possibly from fear of drowning.

Al-Maqqari quotes prior Muslim historians as having recorded that Abd al-Rahman said he was so overcome with fear at that moment, that once he made the far shore he ran until exhaustion overcame him.

After barely escaping with their lives, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr continued south through Palestine, the Sinai, and then into Egypt.

Abd al-Rahman had to keep a low profile as he traveled.

At the time, Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri was the semi-autonomous governor of Ifriqiya ( roughly, modern Tunisia ) and a former Umayyad client.

At the time, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr were keeping a low profile, staying in Kabylia, at the camp of a Nafza Berber chieftain friendly to their plight.

When Ibn Habib's soldiers entered the camp, the Berber chieftain ’ s wife Tekfah hid Abd al-Rahman under her personal belongings to help him go unnoticed.

In 755, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr reached modern day Morocco near Ceuta.

Their next step would be to cross the sea to al-Andalus, where Abd al-Rahman could not have been sure whether or not he would be welcomed.

At that moment, the nominal ruler of al-Andalus, emir Yusuf ibn ' Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri ( another member of the Fihrid family, and a favorite of the old Arab settlers ( baladiyun ), mostly of south Arabian or ' Yemenite ' tribal stock ) was locked in a contest with his vizier ( and son-in-law ) al-Sumayl ibn Hatim al-Qilabi, the head of the new settlers ( shamiyum, the Syrian junds or military regiments, mostly of north Arabian Qaysid tribes, which had arrived only in 742 ).

Abu Bakr's full name was ' Abd Allah ibn ' Uthman ibn Aamir ibn Amr ibn Ka ' ab ibn Sa ' ad ibn Taym ( from whom the at-Taymi al-Quraishi ) ibn Murrah ibn Ka ' ab ibn Lu ' ai ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr al-Quraishi.

The lineage of Muhammad was: Muhammad ; the son of Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib ; the son of Abdul Muttalib ; the son of Hashim ibn ' Abd Manaf ; the son of Abd Manaf ibn Qusai ; the son of Qusai ibn Kilab ; the son of Kilab ibn Murrah ; the son of Murrah.

Qasr Al Abd was built by the governor of Ammon in 200 BC

Muwaffaq al-Din Muhammad ' Abd al-Latif ibn Yusuf al-Baghdadi (; 1162 – 1231 ), more commonly known as ' Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi or ' Abdallatif al-Baghdadi (), born in Baghdad, Iraq, was a celebrated physician, historian, Egyptologist and traveller, and one of the most voluminous writers of the Near East in his time.

Although the Umayyads did not have a historical presence in the region ( no member of the Umayyad family was known to have ever set foot in al-Andalus before ) and there were grave concerns about young Abd al-Rahman's inexperience, several of the lower-ranking Yemenite commanders felt they had little to lose and much to gain, and agreed to support the prince.

Abd al-Rahman landed at Almuñécar in al-Andalus, to the east of Málaga, in September 755 ; however his landing site was unconfirmed.

Upon landing in al-Andalus, Abd al-Rahman was greeted by clients Abu Uthman and Ibn Khalid and an escort of 300 cavalry.

One famous story which persisted through history related to a gift Abd al-Rahman was given while in Málaga.

The gift was a beautiful young slave girl, but Abd al-Rahman humbly returned her to her previous master.

Abd al-Rahman was apparently sagacious enough to expect such a plot.

This might have been fortunate timing for Abd al-Rahman, since he was still getting a solid foothold in al-Andalus.

Nevertheless, food was still scarce, and Abd al-Rahman's army suffered from hunger.

In an attempt to demoralize Abd al-Rahman's troops, al-Fihri ensured that his troops not only were well fed, but also ate gluttonous amounts of food in full view of the Umayyad lines.

Indeed, Abd al-Rahman only proclaimed himself as emir, and not as caliph.

Zaragoza proved to be a most difficult city to reign over for not only Abd ar-Rahman, but his predecessors as well.

Muhammad ibn Ibrahim enjoyed his office for only a single day, for Abd ar-Rahman soon discovered his collusion with the rebel governor of Carmona.

The continued expeditions against the Hafsunids did not distract Abd ad-Rahman III from the situation of other regions in al-Andalus, which recognized him only nominally, if not being in open revolt.

The lord of Badajoz, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad, grandson of Abd-ar-Rahman ibn Marwan al-Yilliqi, not only fortified his city against a possible attack of Ordoño, but also acted in complete independence from Córdoba.

Abd ar-Rahman III did not send an army and only several local Berber jefes offered a pointless resistance.

The only surviving member of the Umayyad royal family, which had been all but annihilated, ultimately made his way to Spain where he established himself as an independent Emir ( Abd ar-Rahman I, 756 ).

These innovations incidentally had the effect of leading the Islamic Caliph Abd al-Malik, who had previously copied Byzantine styles but replacing Christian symbols with Islamic equivalents, finally to develop a distinctive Islamic style, with only lettering on both sides.

The American historian, Richard Bulliet, in a work based on the quantitative use of the onomastic data as furnished by scholarly biographical dictionaries, concluded that it was only in the 10th century when the Andalusi emirate was firmly established and developed into the greatest power of the western Mediterranean under Caliph Abd ar-Rahman III, that the numerical ratio of Muslims and Christians in Al-Andalus was reversed in favour of the former.

Abd al-Rahman Ibn Zayd ( d. 798 CE ) wrote: " The Sābi ' ūn say that their religion is a religion to itself and they live near Mosul ( jazirat al-mawsil ) and believe in only one God.

The only survivor, Abd ar-Rahman I, escaped to Al-Andalus ( Spain ), where the Umayyad caliphate would endure for three centuries.

Abd al-Qādir is often referred to only as El Amir Abdelkader, since al-Jazā ' iri simply means " the Algerian ".

Abbas was one of the youngest brothers of Muhammad's father Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib, born only a few years before his nephew Muhammad ( 570-632 ).

In the beginning there was only four members of the Military Committee, the others were Hafez al-Assad, Abd al-Karim al-Jundi and Mohammad Umran.

Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane (, Ahmad Abd Allah Abd ar-Rahman, 12 June 1919 – 26 November 1989 ) Comoros became a one-party state, with the UCP being the only legal party.

In 880 Umar ibn Hafsun, a man of likely Visigothic origin, started also a revolt which was finally suppressed only in 928, under Abd ar-Rahman III ibn Muhammad.

To counter these reinforcements, Aiss sent his brother to request help from Abd ar-Rahman II, Emir of Córdoba, the only potential ally powerful enough to threaten the Franks.

Arab sources describe Abd Allah's rear-guard action at Luesia as a victory, but if so it was only a tactical victory and he immediately retreated south.

The only visible link to ' Abd al-Rahman was the party's reliance on him for funding.

Between 1130 and his death in 1163, Abd al-Mu ' min not only defeated the Almoravids, but extended his power over all northern Africa as far as Egypt, becoming Caliph of the Almohad Empire in 1149.