In the 10th century, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi carried out observations on the stars and described their positions, magnitudes and star color, and gave drawings for each constellation, in his Book of Fixed Stars.

Abd al-Rahman I, or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu ' awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 731 – 788 ) ( Arabic: عبد الرحمن الداخل ) was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba ( 755 ), a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries ( including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ).

Born near Damascus in Syria, Abd al-Rahman, grandson of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, was the son of the Umayyad prince Mu ' awiyah ibn Hisham and a Berber mother.

Abd al-Rahman and a small selection of his family fled Damascus, where the center of Umayyad power had been ; people moving with him include his brother Yahiya, his four-year old son Sulayman, and some of his sisters, as well as his former Greek slave ( a freedman ), Bedr.

Abbasid agents closed in on Abd al-Rahman and his family while they were hiding in a small village.

Some histories indicate that Bedr met up with Abd al-Rahman at a later date.

Abd al-Rahman, Yahiya and Bedr quit the village narrowly escaping the Abbasid assassins.

Later, on the way south, Abbasid horsemen again caught up with the trio: Abd al-Rahman and his companions then threw themselves into the River Euphrates.

While trying to swim across the dangerous Euphrates, Abd al-Rahman is said to have become separated from his brother Yahiya, who began swimming back towards the horsemen, possibly from fear of drowning.

Al-Maqqari quotes prior Muslim historians as having recorded that Abd al-Rahman said he was so overcome with fear at that moment, that once he made the far shore he ran until exhaustion overcame him.

After barely escaping with their lives, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr continued south through Palestine, the Sinai, and then into Egypt.

Abd al-Rahman had to keep a low profile as he traveled.

At the time, Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri was the semi-autonomous governor of Ifriqiya ( roughly, modern Tunisia ) and a former Umayyad client.

Abd al-Rahman was only one of several surviving Umayyad family members to make their way to Ifriqiya at this time.

At the time, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr were keeping a low profile, staying in Kabylia, at the camp of a Nafza Berber chieftain friendly to their plight.

When Ibn Habib's soldiers entered the camp, the Berber chieftain ’ s wife Tekfah hid Abd al-Rahman under her personal belongings to help him go unnoticed.

In 755, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr reached modern day Morocco near Ceuta.

Their next step would be to cross the sea to al-Andalus, where Abd al-Rahman could not have been sure whether or not he would be welcomed.

At that moment, the nominal ruler of al-Andalus, emir Yusuf ibn ' Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri ( another member of the Fihrid family, and a favorite of the old Arab settlers ( baladiyun ), mostly of south Arabian or ' Yemenite ' tribal stock ) was locked in a contest with his vizier ( and son-in-law ) al-Sumayl ibn Hatim al-Qilabi, the head of the new settlers ( shamiyum, the Syrian junds or military regiments, mostly of north Arabian Qaysid tribes, which had arrived only in 742 ).

Abu Bakr's full name was ' Abd Allah ibn ' Uthman ibn Aamir ibn Amr ibn Ka ' ab ibn Sa ' ad ibn Taym ( from whom the at-Taymi al-Quraishi ) ibn Murrah ibn Ka ' ab ibn Lu ' ai ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr al-Quraishi.

The lineage of Muhammad was: Muhammad ; the son of Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib ; the son of Abdul Muttalib ; the son of Hashim ibn ' Abd Manaf ; the son of Abd Manaf ibn Qusai ; the son of Qusai ibn Kilab ; the son of Kilab ibn Murrah ; the son of Murrah.

Qasr Al Abd was built by the governor of Ammon in 200 BC

Muwaffaq al-Din Muhammad ' Abd al-Latif ibn Yusuf al-Baghdadi (; 1162 – 1231 ), more commonly known as ' Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi or ' Abdallatif al-Baghdadi (), born in Baghdad, Iraq, was a celebrated physician, historian, Egyptologist and traveller, and one of the most voluminous writers of the Near East in his time.

Although the Umayyads did not have a historical presence in the region ( no member of the Umayyad family was known to have ever set foot in al-Andalus before ) and there were grave concerns about young Abd al-Rahman's inexperience, several of the lower-ranking Yemenite commanders felt they had little to lose and much to gain, and agreed to support the prince.

Abd al-Rahman landed at Almuñécar in al-Andalus, to the east of Málaga, in September 755 ; however his landing site was unconfirmed.

Upon landing in al-Andalus, Abd al-Rahman was greeted by clients Abu Uthman and Ibn Khalid and an escort of 300 cavalry.

One famous story which persisted through history related to a gift Abd al-Rahman was given while in Málaga.

The gift was a beautiful young slave girl, but Abd al-Rahman humbly returned her to her previous master.

Abd al-Rahman was apparently sagacious enough to expect such a plot.

This might have been fortunate timing for Abd al-Rahman, since he was still getting a solid foothold in al-Andalus.

Nevertheless, food was still scarce, and Abd al-Rahman's army suffered from hunger.

Overall, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( Al-Waleed's father ) is said to have transformed 10 churches in Damascus into mosques.

Legend says that their father, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, separated his conjoined sons with a sword and that some priests believed that the blood that had flowed between them signified wars between their progeny ( confrontations did occur between Banu al ' Abbas and Banu Ummaya ibn ' Abd Shams in the year 750 AH ).

` Abd al-Malik became caliph after the death of his father Marwan I in 685.

Abd al Malik served first as a messenger to his father Abd al Haija

" His father, Muhammad, was reputedly a great-grandson of Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, the youngest uncle of Mohammad ; his mother, as described in the 14th century Moorish historian Ali Ibn-Abd Allah's Rawd al-Qirtas was a " Berber woman given to his father.

In 1835, when Maréchal Count Clauzel was sent to Algeria as Governor General, the young Prince Royal asked his father to allow him to go as well, so he could fight the Emir Abd El-Kader.

Amongst them was Abū Shujā ’ Ẓāhir bin Rustam, father of the beautiful Niẓām and Yūnus ibn Yaḥyā al-Ḥāshimī, who had been a pupil of the great ‘ Abd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī in Baghdad.

Abd al-Karim Qasim's father was a Sunni Muslim of Arabic and Kurdish descent who died shortly after his son's birth during World War I as a soldier for the Ottoman Empire.

His father Adnan Abd al-Munim al-Janabi, a Sunni, worked for OPEC, his mother was a Shi ' ite, while Salam himself became skeptical of religion.

Likewise, the scholarly achievements of ibn Taymiyyah's father, Shihab al-deen ' Abd al-Haleem ibn Taymiyyah ( d. 1284 ) were well known.

* Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib ( 545 – 570 ), the father of Muhammad

After his studies, in 1906, Abd el-Krim was sent to Melilla by his father.

The following year, Abd el-Krim, together with his father and brother, began a war of rebellion against the Spanish incursions.

* Hussein ' Abd al-Majid ( disappeared 1936 ), Iraqi, Saddam Hussein's father

His father was Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, and he was a younger brother of the previous caliph, al-Walid I.

As a slave, Musa's father entered the service of Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan ( governor of Egypt and son of the caliph Marwan I ) who gave him his freedom.

She asked ' Abd al-Aziz why his guests did not bow to him as they used to do in the presence of her father.

Abbas was one of the youngest brothers of Muhammad's father Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib, born only a few years before his nephew Muhammad ( 570-632 ).

Al-Hakam II succeeded to the Caliphate after the death of his father Abd ar-Rahman III in 961.