* Polydactyly in early tetrapod aquatic animals, such as Acanthostega gunnari ( Jarvik 1952 ), which is one of an increasing number of genera of stem-tetrapods known from the Upper Devonian, which are providing insights into the appearance of tetrapods and the origin of limbs with digits.

The genus is closely related to Acanthostega gunnari, also from East Greenland.

Paleontologists suggest that it is representative of the transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates such as Panderichthys, known from fossils 380 million years old, and early tetrapods such as Acanthostega and Ichthyostega, known from fossils about 365 million years old.

The fairly complete fossil of Acanthostega she discovered in Greenland in 1987 is a transitional, water-bound primitive tetrapod.

Acanthostega is the first tetrapod to show the shift in locomotory dominance from the pectoral to pelvic girdle.

Newer research also indicates that it is possible Acanthostega evolved from an ancestor that had more terrestrial adaptations than itself.

Acanthostega is seen as part of widespread speciation in the late Devonian period, starting with purely aquatic lobe-finned fish, with their successors showing increased air-breathing capability and related adaptions to the jaws and gills, as well as more muscular neck allowing freer movement of the head than fish have, and use of the fins to raise the body of the fish.

These features are displayed by the earlier Tiktaalik, which like the Ichthyostega living around the same time as Acanthostega showed signs of greater abilities to move around on land, but is thought to have been primarily aquatic.

Acanthostega, a fish-like early Labyrinthodontia | labyrinthodont.

Their results indicate that Acanthostega was adapted for what they call terrestrial-style feeding, strongly supporting the hypothesis that the terrestrial mode of feeding first emerged in aquatic animals.

The Late Devonian was home to many species of Sarcopterygii | lobe-finned fish like Eusthenopteron, Panderichthys, Tiktaalik and the first tetrapod s, such as Acanthostega whose forelimbs had eight digits, and Ichthyostega which had seven.

In Devonian | Late Devonian vertebrate speciation, descendants of Pelagic zone | pelagic Sarcopterygii | lobe-finned fish – like Eusthenopteron – exhibited a sequence of adaptations: * Panderichthys, suited to muddy shallows ; * Tiktaalik with limb-like fins that could take it up onto land ; * Tetrapod | Early tetrapods in weed-filled swamps, such as: ** Acanthostega which had feet with eight digits, ** Ichthyostega with limbs.

In Devonian | Late Devonian vertebrate speciation, descendants of Pelagic zone | pelagic Sarcopterygii | lobe-finned fish — like Eusthenopteron — exhibited a sequence of adaptations: • Panderichthys, suited to muddy shallows ; • Tiktaalik with limb-like fins that could take it onto land ; • Early tetrapods in weed-filled swamps, such as ; • Acanthostega, which had feet with eight digits, • Ichthyostega with limbs.

In Devonian | Late Devonian vertebrate speciation, descendants of Pelagic zone | pelagic lobe-finned fish — like Eusthenopteron — exhibited a sequence of adaptations: * Panderichthys, suited to muddy shallows ; * Tiktaalik with limb-like fins that could take it onto land ; * Early tetrapod s in weed-filled swamps, such as: ** Acanthostega, which had feet with eight digits, ** Ichthyostega with limbs.

In Devonian | Late Devonian vertebrate speciation, descendants of Pelagic zone | pelagic Sarcopterygii | lobe-finned fish – like Eusthenopteron – exhibited a sequence of adaptations :< ul > < li > Panderichthys, suited to muddy shallows ; < li > Tiktaalik with limb-like fins that could take it onto land ; < li > Tetrapod | Early tetrapods in weed-filled swamps, such as :< ul > < li > Acanthostega which had feet with eight digits, < li > Ichthyostega with limbs .</ ul ></ ul > Descendants also included pelagic lobe-finned fish such as coelacanth species.

In Devonian | Late Devonian vertebrate speciation, descendants of Pelagic zone | pelagic Sarcopterygii | lobe-finned fish – like Eusthenopteron – exhibited a sequence of adaptations :< ul > < li > Panderichthys, suited to muddy shallows ; < li > Tiktaalik with limb-like fins that could take it onto land ; < li > Tetrapod | Early tetrapods in weed-filled swamps, such as :< ul > < li > Acanthostega which had feet with eight digits, < li > Ichthyostega with limbs .</ ul ></ ul > Descendants also included pelagic lobe-finned fish such as coelacanth species.

In Devonian | Late Devonian vertebrate speciation, descendants of Pelagic zone | pelagic Sarcopterygii | lobe-finned fish – like Eusthenopteron – exhibited a sequence of adaptations: * Panderichthys, suited to muddy shallows ; * Tiktaalik with limb-like fins that could take it onto land ; * Tetrapod | Early tetrapods in weed-filled swamps, such as: * Acanthostega which had feet with eight digits, * Ichthyostega with limbs.

Early tetrapods like Ichthyostega and Acanthostega differed from animals like Crossopterygians ( for instance Eusthenopteron or Panderichthys ) in their increased adaptations for life on land.

Clack remarks on how the lower jaw of Acanthostega shows a change from the jaws of fish which have two rows of teeth, with a large number of small teeth in the outer row, and two large fangs and some small teeth in the inner row.

Research by Jennifer A. Clack and her colleagues showed that the earliest tetrapods, such as Acanthostega, were wholly aquatic and quite unsuited to life on land.

Ichthyostegas skull seems more fish-like than that of Acanthostega, but its girdle ( shoulder and hip ) morphology seems stronger and better adapted to land-life.

The Ichthyostegalians ( Elginerpeton, Acanthostega, Ichthyostega, etc.

Skull of Acanthostega gunnari.

Acanthostega also had a remarkably fish-like shoulder and forelimb.

The front foot of Acanthostega could not bend forward at the elbow, and thus could not be brought into a weight bearing position, appearing to be more suitable for paddling or for holding on to aquatic plants.

There are many morphological changes that allowed the pelvic girdle of Acanthostega to become a weight-bearing structure.

In Acanthostega there in contact between the two sides and fusion of the girdle with the sacral rib of the vertebral column.

Significantly, the system does not rely on the hardness of the exoskeleton, as many other arthropod sounds do, meaning that the spiny lobsters can continue to produce the deterrent noises even in the period following a moult when they are most vulnerable.

The generic name is derived from the Greek word ἐχῖνος ( echino ), meaning " sea urchin ," due to the spiny central disk.

As of 2002, five species were listed by the IUCN as species of special concern: Macrognathus aral ( the one-stripe spiny eel ), Monopterus boueti ( Liberian swamp eel ), Monopterus indicus ( Bombay swamp eel ), and Ophisternon candidum ( the blind cave eel ) have been classified as Data Deficient, meaning that they require more study to determine their conservation status.

The name, Brachylophus, is derived from two Greek words: brachys ( βραχῦς ) meaning " short " and lophos ( λοφος ) meaning " crest " or " plume ", denoting the short spiny crests found along the backs of these species.

The name Conolophus is derived from two Greek words: conos ( κώνος ) meaning " spiny " and lophos ( λοφος ) meaning " crest " or " plume ", denoting the spiny crests along the backs of these species.

The generic name derives from the Ancient Greek εχινος ( echinos ), meaning " spiny ," and cactus.

The name Sarcobatus comes from Greek sarko ( meaning flesh ) and batos ( meaning bramble ), referring to the species ' spiny branches and succulent leaves.

Echinomastus ( meaning " spiny breast ") is a genus of cacti.

The most common is the circumflex ( which it calls to bach, meaning " little roof ", or acen grom " crooked accent ", or hirnod " long sign ") to denote a long vowel, usually to disambiguate it from a similar word with a short vowel.

Stegosaurus (, meaning " roof lizard " or " covered lizard " in reference to its bony plates ) is a genus of armored stegosaurid dinosaur.

* Stegosaurus armatus, meaning " armored roof lizard ", was the first species to be found and is known from two partial skeletons, two partial skulls and at least thirty fragmentary individuals.

* Stegosaurus sulcatus, meaning " furrowed roof lizard " was described by Marsh in 1887 based on a partial skeleton.

* Stegosaurus longispinus, meaning " long-spined roof lizard ", was named by Charles W. Gilmore and known from one partial skeleton, from the Morrison Formation in Wyoming.

* Stegosaurus stenops, meaning " narrow-faced roof lizard ", was named by Marsh in 1887, with the holotype having been collected by Marshal Felch at Garden Park, north of Cañon City, Colorado, in 1886.

* Stegosaurus duplex, meaning " two plexus roof lizard " ( in allusion to the greatly enlarged neural canal of the sacrum which Marsh characterized as a " posterior brain case "), is probably the same as S. armatus.

* Stegosaurus ungulatus, meaning " hoofed roof lizard ", was named by Marsh in 1879, from remains recovered at Como Bluff, Wyoming.

Trebos in Trebos Iovios is usually understood as corresponding in meaning to Latin trabs, ridge of the roof.

The word is derived from the French word tuile, which is, in turn, from the Latin word tegula, meaning a roof tile composed of fired clay.

It's a two-door, two-seater Targa top, meaning it possesses a removable hardtop roof with the added feature that is stowable under the bonnet.

( In Scotland it still has its original meaning of a multi-occupancy building of any sort, and in parts of England, especially Devon and Cornwall, it refers to an outshot, or additional projecting part at the back of a terraced house, normally with its own roof.

If the jeepney is full, passengers ( only males ) will also sometimes cling outside or sit on the roof instead ( referred to colloquially as sabit in Tagalog and kabit or kapyot in Cebuano ; both meaning ' to hang on with your fingertips ').

The name comes from the Latin fastigium, meaning a sloping roof.

These sold for US $ 100 less than the sliding-roof wagons, but it was technically a " delete option ", meaning that if the buyer wanted the fixed roof versus the slider, it had to be specifically ordered that way by the selling dealer and was not a separate model.

It was made of brick walls with timber roof supports with a rectangular abbatial church ( meaning a church belonging to an abbey ) constructed as well, the interior of which was made of lath and plaster in a Neo-Gothic style.

Around 1869, the builders discovered that they didn't have the technical knowledge to build the domed roof, meaning that Thomas Fairbairn Engineering Co. Ltd. of Manchester had to be contracted to provide a pre-fabricated dome within a few weeks ; this gave the Library of Parliament the distinction of being the first building in North America to have a state-of-the-art wrought iron roof.

Another view is that the word comes from a root meaning thatch, thatched roof, lean-to or shed.

By the 18th century this meaning had been transferred to the space behind the wall of the highest story ( i. e., directly under the roof ), producing the modern meaning of the word " attic ".

Stegoceras (' horned roof ' - Greek stego -/ στεγο-meaning ' roof ' and ceras / κέρας meaning ' horn ') is a genus of plant-eating pachycephalosaurid dinosaur that lived in what is now North America during the Late Cretaceous period.

After receiving an offer on their houses from Josh West's ( Daniel Collopy ) Project 56 scheme, Tony and Matilda's mother Beth ( Clarissa House ) and Tony decide to move in together meaning that Matilda and Lucas will be living under the same roof.