According to the direct-reference view, an early version of which was originally proposed by Bertrand Russell, and perhaps earlier by Gottlob Frege, a proper name strictly has no meaning when there is no object to which it refers.

According to Frege the reference of a sentence is a truth value ; for Husserl it is a " state of affairs.

According to The Chicago Tribune News Service, State Atty. Gen. Stanley Mosk of California has devised a series of questions which the joiner might well ask about any organization seeking his money and his name: 1.

According to Richard Dawkins, a distinction between agnosticism and atheism is unwieldy and depends on how close to zero we are willing to rate the probability of existence for any given god-like entity.

According to Tylor, the more scientifically advanced the society, the less that society believed in Animism ; however, any remnant ideologies of souls or spirits, to Tylor, represented “ survivals ” of the original animism of early humanity.

According to Asser, because of Pope Marinus ’ friendship with King Alfred, the pope granted an exemption to any Anglo-Saxons residing within Rome from tax or tribute.

According to Richard I. Pervo, " Townsend's methodologically adventurous but ultimately cautious essay is another valuable lesson in the danger of establishing the date of Acts – or any work – by arguing for the earliest possible time of origin.

According to encyclopaedia Iranica, AFGHAN ( afḡān ) in current political usage means any citizen of Afghanistan, whatever their ethnic, tribal, or religious affiliation is.

According to the Kun-bzang bla-ma ' i zhal-lung, a bodhisattva can choose any of three paths to help sentient beings in the process of achieving buddhahood.

According to its Memorandum & Articles of Association, its objectives are :- “ To act as Nominee or agent or attorney either solely or jointly with others, for any person or persons, partnership, company, corporation, government, state, organisation, sovereign, province, authority, or public body, or any group or association of them ....” Bank of England Nominees Limited was granted an exemption by Edmund Dell, Secretary of State for Trade, from the disclosure requirements under Section 27 ( 9 ) of the Companies Act 1976, because, “ it was considered undesirable that the disclosure requirements should apply to certain categories of shareholders .” The Bank of England is also protected by its Royal Charter status, and the Official Secrets Act.

According to Tacitus, he amassed a force including his own Legio XIV Gemina, some vexillationes ( detachments ) of the XX Valeria Victrix, and any available auxiliaries.

According to the theorem, it is possible to expand any power of x + y into a sum of the form

According to Unilever, " in blind taste tests, 10 % didn't notice any difference in taste, 40 % preferred the original and 50 % preferred the new product.

According to Moyra Grant, in political philosophy " collectivism " refers to any philosophy or system that puts any kind of group ( such as a class, nation, race, society, state, etc.

According to Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, characteristics such as camouflage that help an animal to survive will tend to evolve in any population.

According to this view, any form of specific coercion is then unethical in itself as an injury to freedom, quite apart from its damaging effects on social progress.

According to Aquinas, the universe cannot, at any particular moment, be causing itself.

According to the United States Department of Energy, the wide range of its current and projected uses, together with the lack of any immediately suitable replacement, makes dysprosium the single most critical element for emerging clean energy technologies-even their most conservative projections predict a shortfall of dysprosium before 2015.

According to the natives of Peru, who by this time had observed the Spanish lust for gold, the territories of Chile had abundances of gold which would justify any effort.

According to a 2008 article in The Wall Street Journal, Dartmouth graduates also earn higher median salaries at least 10 years after graduation than alumni of any other American university surveyed.

According to Tacitus, Mucianus was not keen on this prospect but since he considered Domitian a liability in any capacity that was entrusted to him, he preferred to keep him close at hand rather than in Rome.

According to David Vine, " Today, at any given time, 3, 000 to 5, 000 U. S. troops and civilian support staff live on the island.

According to the relational interpretation of quantum mechanics, first proposed by Carlo Rovelli, observations such as those in the double-slit experiment result specifically from the interaction between the observer ( measuring device ) and the object being observed ( physically interacted with ), not any absolute property possessed by the object.

According to a survey by The Washington Post, The Thin Blue Line made dozens of critics ' top ten lists for 1988, more than any other film that year.

According to the 4th century Latin writer Servius, a fourth set of Etruscan books existed, dealing with animal gods, but it is unlikely that any scholar living in the 4th century could have read Etruscan.

According to the preserved part of the inscription, unintentional homicides receive a sentence of exile, while intentional murders are punishable by death.

According to Bertrand Russell's Theory of Descriptions, the negation operator in a singular sentence can take either wide or narrow scope: we distinguish between " some S is not P " ( where negation takes " narrow scope ") and " it is not the case that ' some S is P '" ( where negation takes " wide scope ").

According to many accounts, nouns do not have a lexical specification for mass-count status, and instead are specified as such only when used in a sentence.

According to some, he wrote a famous one sentence will: " I have nothing, I owe a great deal, and the rest I leave to the poor ", and his last words were " I go to seek a Great Perhaps ".

According to one widely reported account, newsman Ed Lahey wrote this lead for the Chicago Daily News: " Richard Loeb, despite his erudition, today ended his sentence with a proposition.

According to Laud he held out to Strafford hopes of saving his life if he would use his influence with the king to abolish episcopacy, but the earl refused, and Holles advised Charles that Strafford should demand a short respite, of which he would take advantage to procure a commutation of the death sentence.

According to Hugh Wood, " Often she is the only witness, and the biographer has to depend on her while doubting with every sentence her capacity for telling the truth.

According to Haaest, Pedersen aka Hassel was actually put on trial in Denmark, but avoided a death sentence – a fate that many HIPO members faced.

According to the proposal, the maximum sentence would be lowered from four years to 18 months ; re-education centers would be renamed " correction centers " and have their fences and gates removed.

According to Head, ' he pronounced the sentence of death with tears streaming down his face '.

According to the sentence in the second trial, the companies that extracted oil ( such as Yuganskneftegaz and Tomskneft, in which Yukos held major stake, but did not have 100 % ownership ), would sell all their oil to different shell companies below market rates, and the shell companies would re-sell it to the eventual buyer at market rates.

According to William Godwin, Girolamo Savonarola was tortured by strappado multiple times before being put to death in a trial by fire ; Savonarola, however, apparently renounced his confessions after being tortured, which eventually led to his sentence of burning at the stake.

According to Plato's dialogue The Sophist, the simplest kind of sentence consists of just a proper name and a universal term ( i. e. a predicate ).

According to one current psycholinguistic theory, as a person reads a garden path sentence, the reader builds up a structure of meaning one word at a time.

According to this sentence, the young person is ordered to make restitution — that is, pay back the equivalent amount of the property obtained by the young person to the lawful owner of the property.

According to the new law of 1895, a petition for revision founded on a new fact ( discovered after the sentence ) could only be submitted to the Court of Cassation by the keeper of the seals, after the latter had taken the advice of a special commission.

According to the Arkansas Department of Correction, as of December 22, 2008, a total of 40 men were under a sentence of death in the state.

According to the sentence, Mr. Messent should pay a fine of US $ 160, 000 to the Costa Rican state.

According to this view, a sentence is not merely a string of words, but rather a tree with subordinate and superordinate branches connected at nodes.

According to LaFontaine himself, his voice cracked at the age of 13 in the middle of a sentence, giving him the bass tones that would later bring him much fame and success.

According to the Catholic Encyclopedia in the registers, on the margin of the text of the record, the last sentence is noted as its real definition: " Declaratio quod subesse Romano Pontifici est omni humanae creaturae de necessitate salutis "; thus this phrase, like some in canonic scripture, may have moved from an original position as a marginal gloss to an integral part of the text as it has been accepted.

According to a previous case, Heck v. Humphrey ( 1994 ), a convicted criminal defendant cannot bring a § 1983 action that would " necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence " unless the defendant can prove that his " conviction or sentence has already been invalidated.