According to non-Orthodox Jews and critical historians, Jewish law too has been affected by surrounding cultures ( for example, some scholars argue that the establishment of absolute monotheism in Judaism was a reaction against the dualism of Zoroastrianism that Jews encountered when living under Persian rule ; Jews rejected polygamy during the Middle Ages, influenced by their Christian neighbors ).

According to his paradigm, when conventions are considered absolute realities, they contribute to dogmatism, which in turn leads to conflict.

According to the relational interpretation of quantum mechanics, first proposed by Carlo Rovelli, observations such as those in the double-slit experiment result specifically from the interaction between the observer ( measuring device ) and the object being observed ( physically interacted with ), not any absolute property possessed by the object.

According to Montesquieu, the difference between absolute monarchy and despotism is that in the case of the monarchy, a single person governs with absolute power by fixed and established laws, whereas a despot governs by her or his own will and caprice.

According to René Descartes, rationality is built first upon the realization of the absolute truth " I think therefore I am ", which requires no faith.

* According to the laws of thermodynamics all particles of matter are in constant random motion as long as the temperature is above absolute zero.

According to Jacobi, Fichte ’ s absolutization of the ego ( the ' absolute I ' that posits the ' not-I ') is an inflation of subjectivity that denies the absolute transcendence of God.

According to Locke, an absolute ruler as proposed by Hobbes is unnecessary, for natural law is based on reason and seeking peace and survival for man.

According to Locke, an absolute ruler as proposed by Hobbes is unnecessary, for natural law is based on reason and equality, seeking peace and survival for man.

According to SS-Obergruppenführer and General of the Waffen-SS, Karl Wolff, it was also based on the model from the Society of Jesus of absolute obedience to the Pope.

According to this view, Iceland was settled by " malcontents " from Norway, who resented Harald's claim of rights of taxation over lands, which the possessors appear to have previously held in absolute ownership.

According to Paul Lawrence Rose in his article “ The Politics of Antony and Cleopatra ," the views expressed in the play of “ national solidarity, social order and strong rule ” were familiar after the absolute monarchies of Henry VII and Henry VIII and the political disaster involving Mary Queen of Scots.

According to this expression, an atomic system at absolute zero retains an energy of ½hν.

According to many branches of Hinduism, the world of historical time is illusory, and the only absolute reality is the immortal soul or atman within man.

According to a UN declaration that resulted from the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995, absolute poverty is " a condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information.

According to the Fraser Institute, " the basic-needs approach is partly absolute ( the list necessities is limited to items required for long-term physical well-being ) and partly relative, reflecting the standards that apply in the individual's own society at the present time.

According to Marx, absolute surplus value is obtained by increasing the amount of time worked per worker in an accounting period.

According to the third law of thermodynamics, a system at absolute zero temperature exists in its ground state ; thus, its entropy is determined by the degeneracy of the ground state.

According to him, people from the Western pluralistic civilization are more prone to this fallacy because they used to resolve problems by making compromises and accept alternative interpretations, unlike Russians who are looking for the absolute truth.

According to Cowan, the slaughter temporarily weakened the new confidence in Pai-marire, but chief prophet Te Ua had a satisfying explanation: that those who fell were to blame because they did not repose absolute faith in the karakia, or incantation.

According to article 96 of the Turkish Constitution, unless otherwise stipulated in the Constitution, the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall convene with at least, one-third of the total number of members ( 184 out of 550 ) and shall take decisions by an absolute majority of those present ; however, the quorum for decisions can, under no circumstances, be less than a quarter plus one of the total

According to Aquinas, charity is an absolute requirement for happiness, which he holds as man's last goal.

According to various ideas of the afterlife, the essential aspect of the individual that lives on after death may be some partial element, or the entire soul, of an individual, which carries with it and confers personal identity.

According to The General History of the Pirates, published more than 25 years after the event by an author whose very identity remains in dispute, Kidd made peaceful overtures to Culliford: he " drank their Captain's health ," swearing that " he was in every respect their Brother ," and gave Culliford " a Present of an Anchor and some Guns.

According to the anthropologist Dumenica Verdoni, writing new literature in modern Corsican, known as the Riacquistu, is an integral part of affirming Corsican identity.

According to the standard interpretation of Hume on personal identity, he was a Bundle Theorist, who held that the self is nothing but a bundle of experiences (" perceptions ") linked by the relations of causation and resemblance ; or, more accurately, that the empirically warranted idea of the self is just the idea of such a bundle.

" According to Bronwen Walter, professor of Irish Diaspora Studies at Anglia Ruskin University, " the adoption of a hyphenated identity has been much more problematic for the second generation Irish in Britain.

According to the particular tradition, with the experience of nirvana the mind ( Buddhism ) or soul ( Jainism ) or spirit ( Hinduism ) has ended its identity with material phenomena and experiences a sense of great peace.

According to the principles of civic nationalism, the nation is not based on common ethnic ancestry, but is a political entity whose core identity is not ethnicity.

According to Rand, consciousness possesses a specific and finite identity, just like everything else that exists ; therefore, it must operate by a specific method of validation.

According to the Libertarian Party's platform, " Sexual orientation, preference, gender, or gender identity should have no impact on the government's treatment of individuals, such as in current marriage, child custody, adoption, immigration or military service laws.

* 1271 – September 12 – According to the followers of Nichiren Buddhism, the sect's founder, Nichiren, reaches a turning point known as hosshaku kempon as he discards his identity as a mortal priest and begins to reveal himself as a reincarnation of the Buddha.

According to this model, floral organ identity genes are divided into three classes: class A genes ( which affect sepals and petals ), class B genes ( which affect petals and stamens ), and class C genes ( which affect stamens and carpels ).

According to social identity theory, an important component of the self-concept is derived from memberships in social groups and categories ; this is demonstrated by group processes and how inter-group relationships impact significantly on individuals ' self perception and behaviors.

* September 12 – According to the followers of Nichiren Buddhism, the sect's founder, Nichiren, reaches a turning point known as hosshaku kempon, as he discards his identity as a mortal priest and begins to reveal himself as a reincarnation of the Buddha.

" According to these Principles, any gender identity of a transsexual or transgendered person is neither " disorder " nor mental illness, thus the diagnosis " gender identity disorder " can be contradictory and irreverent.

According to Berman, conflict arises because of philosophical beliefs various groups share ( or do not share ), regardless of cultural or religious identity.

According to Breitbonde, categorization of communities based on cultural distinctiveness, historical or ethnic identity and socio-political autonomy “ may have brought about the large numbder of distinct Kru dialects ; " Although the natives were in many respects similar in type and tribe, every village was an independent state ; there was also very little intercommunication ".

According to Zhao, Falun Gong practitioners have established a " resistance identity "— one that stands against prevailing pursuits of wealth, power, scientific rationality, and " the entire value system associated with China's project of modernization.

According to this literature, Canadian identity has been defined by a fear of nature, by settler history and by unquestioned adherence to the community.

According to Marcia, identity comes from both political and religious views.

According to general semantics, the content of all knowledge is structure, so that language ( in general ) and science and mathematics ( in particular ) can provide people with a structural ' map ' of empirical facts, but there can be no ' identity ', only structural similarity, between the language ( map ) and the empirical facts as lived through and observed by people as humans-in-environments ( including doctrinal and linguistic environments ).

According to Elbert, “ democratic domesticity requires maturity, strength, and above all a secure identity that Meg lacks .”

According to a documentary aired on the Swedish television channel SVT in February 2006, associates of Pettersson claimed that he had confessed to them his role in Olof Palme's murder, but with the explanation that it was a case of mistaken identity.

According to David A. Rausch, " The name change, however, signified far more than a semantical expression — it represented an evolution in the thought processes and religious and philosophical outlook toward a more fervent expression of Jewish identity ".

According to W. B. Worthen, Six Characters and other Pirandello plays use " Metatheatre — roleplaying, plays-within-plays, and a flexible sense of the limits of stage and illusion — to examine a highly-theatricalized vision of identity ".