According to a survey conducted by the RAND Corporation, the cost of producing a barrel of oil at a surface retorting complex in the United States ( comprising a mine, retorting plant, upgrading plant, supporting utilities, and spent shale reclamation ), would range between US $ 70 – 95 ($ 440 – 600 / m < sup > 3 </ sup >, adjusted to 2005 values ).

According to a survey conducted by the RAND Corporation, the cost of producing a barrel of oil at a surface retorting complex in the United States ( comprising a mine, retorting plant, upgrading plant, supporting utilities, and spent shale reclamation ), would range between US $ 70 – 95 ($ 440 – 600 / m < sup > 3 </ sup >, adjusted to 2005 values ).

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