According to economists Donald Deere ( Texas A & M ), Kevin Murphy ( University of Chicago ), and Finis Welch ( Texas A & M ), Card and Krueger's conclusions are contradicted by " common sense and past research ".

According to a 1978 article in the American Economic Review, 90 percent of the economists surveyed agreed that the minimum wage increases unemployment among low-skilled workers.

According to some economists, manufacturing is a wealth-producing sector of an economy, whereas a service sector tends to be wealth-consuming.

According to reports by the mayor and economists of the day who studied the experiment, the scrip was readily accepted by local merchants and the local population.

According to the United States Department of Labor, there were around 15, 000 non-academic economists in the United States in 2008, with a median salary of roughly $ 83, 000, and with the top ten percent earning more than $ 147, 040 annually.

According to some economists such as Jeffrey Sachs, however, the current divide between the developed and developing world is largely a phenomenon of the 20th century.

According to some economists, for example Hernando de Soto, this is a major barrier to development in those countries-entrepreneurs do not dare take risks and cannot get credit because they hold no collateral and may burden families for generations to come.

According to the economists Howell and Diallo ( 2007 ), neoliberal policies have contributed to a U. S. economy in which 30 % of workers earn low wages ( less than two-thirds the median wage for full-time workers ), and 35 % of the labor force is underemployed ; only 40 % of the working-age population in the U. S. is adequately employed.

According to Texas Republican Congressman Dr. Ron Paul in his " A Tribute to the Late Harry Browne " which was read into the Congressional Record in 2006, " How You Can Profit From the Coming Devaluation is generally recognized as the founding document of the hard money movement, which combined the insights of the Austrian economists with a practical investment strategy.

According to Neo-Classical economists the Labour theory of value could not explain fluctuating values for different kinds of labour, nor did it explain how found goods could be more valuable than extracted goods.

According to its website, the Club of Rome is composed of " scientists, economists, businessmen, international high civil servants, heads of state and former heads of state from all five continents who are convinced that the future of humankind is not determined once and for all and that each human being can contribute to the improvement of our societies.

According to Terry Peach, economists interpreting Ricardo as having a more flexible view of wages include Haney ( 1924 ), J. R. Hicks ( 1973 ), Frank Knight ( 1935 ), Ramsay ( 1836 ), George Stigler ( 1952 ), and Paul Samuelson ( 1979 ).

According to critical realist economists, the central aim of economic theory is to provide explanations in terms of hidden generative structures.

According to laissez-faire economists such as Friedrich von Hayek, massive waves of unemployment, as in economic recessions and depressions, can be traced back to state intervention in the market, which effectively blocks the natural balance in means of production achieved through Say's law.

According to Keynes, the implication of Say's " law " is that a free-market economy is always at what the Keynesian economists call full employment ; see also Walras ' law.

According to some economists, this paradox has since been explained as due to the fact that when a country produces " more than two goods, the abundance of capital relative to labor does not imply that the capital intensity of its exports should exceed that of imports.

According to Leontief, too many economists were reluctant to " get their hands dirty " by working with raw empirical facts.

According to the classical economists, lower interest rates would lead to increased investment spending and demand would remain constant.

" According to Keynesian economist, Paul Krugman, the work of Friedman and Schwartz became dominant among mainstream economists by the 1980s but should be reconsidered in light of Japan's Lost Decade of the 1990s.

According to the labour theory of value ( as used by the classical economists ), under capitalism, workers never keep all of the wealth they create, as some of it goes to the profit of capitalists.

According to mainstream economists, only the final purchase of goods and services by individuals constitutes consumption, while other types of expenditure — in particular, fixed investment, intermediate consumption, and government spending — are placed in separate categories.

According to Friedman, Stigler " essentially created a new area of study for economists.

According to a review by Martin Bronfenbrenner in The Journal of Political Economy, about half of the book was devoted to dialectical philosophy, " with a strong epistemological stress ", with the other half devoted to discussions of economic and general history, anthropology and sociology, and actual economics, including a surprisingly large helping of business administration – Bronfenbrenner noted that LaRouche seemed to have " more private-business experience than the great majority of academic economists ", including a familiarity with the way speculative overcapitalization, operating at the borders of white-collar crime, creates " fictitious capitals " that later do not match their actual earning power.

According to Ackoff " f-Laws are truths about organizations that we might wish to deny or ignore – simple and more reliable guides to managers ' everyday behavior than the complex truths proposed by scientists, economists, sociologists, politicians and philosophers ".

According to the anthropologist Tim Ingold, animism shares similarities to totemism but differs in its focus on individual spirit beings which help to perpetuate life, whereas totemism more typically holds that there is a primary source, such as the land itself or the ancestors, who provide the basis to life.

According to Ovid's Metamorphoses, while in labour, Alcmene was having difficulty giving birth to such a large child.

According to Diogenes Laertius, in response to Alexander's claim to have been the son of Zeus-Ammon, Anaxarchus pointed to his bleeding wound and remarked, " See the blood of a mortal, not ichor, such as flows from the veins of the immortal gods.

According to sources such as the History of Bede, after the invasion of Britannia, the Angles split up and founded the kingdoms of the Nord Angelnen ( Northumbria ), Ost Angelnen ( East Anglia ), and the Mittlere Angelnen ( Mercia ).

Likewise, Joseph E. Stiglitz, speaking not only on China but East Asia in general, comments " The countries that have managed globalization ... such as those in East Asia, have, by and large, ensured that they reaped huge benefits ..." According to The Heritage Foundation, development in China was anticipated by Milton Friedman, who predicted that even a small progress towards economic liberalization would produce dramatic and positive effects.

According to William Derham, during the severe winters of 1703 and 1708 the ice cover permeated as far as the Danish straits, parts of the Gulf of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland, in addition to coastal fringes in more southerly locations such as the Gulf of Riga.

According to many critics, such an unusual division of labor caused serious command and control problems.

According to bundle theory, an object consists of its properties and nothing more: thus neither can there be an object without properties nor can one even conceive of such an object ; for example, bundle theory claims that thinking of an apple compels one also to think of its color, its shape, the fact that it is a kind of fruit, its cells, its taste, or at least one other of its properties.

According to these, the SI prefixes would only be used in the decimal sense, even when referring to data storage capacities: kilobyte and megabyte would denote one thousand bytes and one million bytes respectively ( consistent with SI ), while new terms such as kibibyte, mebibyte and gibibyte,

According to the Bahá ' í teachings the human purpose is to learn to know and love God through such methods as prayer, reflection, and being of service to humankind.

According to United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization the term bean should include only species of Phaseolus ; however, a strict consensus definition has proven difficult because in the past, several species such as Vigna ( angularis ( azuki bean ), mungo ( black gram ), radiata ( mung bean ), aconitifolia ( moth bean )) were classified as Phaseolus and later reclassified.

According to Gibson, he was inspired by the big screen epics he had loved as a child, such as Stanley Kubrick's Spartacus and William Wyler's The Big Country.

According to Ivinskaya, Pasternak continued to receive such letters for the remainder of his life.

According to the Bible, " God raised him from the dead ", he ascended to heaven, is " seated at the right hand of the Father " and will ultimately return to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the Resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment and final establishment of the Kingdom of God.

According to some versions of functionalism, even non-human systems, such as other animal species, alien life forms, or advanced computers can, in principle, have mental states.

According to Moyra Grant, in political philosophy " collectivism " refers to any philosophy or system that puts any kind of group ( such as a class, nation, race, society, state, etc.

According to Encyclopædia Britannica, " collectivism has found varying degrees of expression in the 20th century in such movements as socialism, communism, and fascism.

According to one such tradition, she is the personification of the Earth itself ; according to another, its actual mother, being Prithvi Tattwa, the essence of the element earth.

According to Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, characteristics such as camouflage that help an animal to survive will tend to evolve in any population.

According to Charles Darwin's 1859 theory of natural selection, features such as camouflage evolved by providing individual animals with a reproductive advantage, enabling them to leave more offspring, on average, than other members of the same species.

According to Julius Caesar, the Belgian tribe of the Atuatuci " was descended from the Cimbri and Teutoni, who, upon their march into our province and Italy, set down such of their stock and stuff as they could not drive or carry with them on the near ( i. e. west ) side of the Rhine, and left six thousand men of their company there with as guard and garrison " ( Gall.

On TV shows based in Chicago such as The Bob Newhart Show, Married ... with Children, Family Matters, Still Standing, According to Jim, Early Edition and The Bernie Mac Show, the main characters are all Bears fans, and have worn Bears ' jerseys and t-shirts on some occasions.

According to Jean Daniélou, this schema is inherited from a Judaeo-Christian esotericism, followed by the Apostles, which was only imparted orally to those Christians who could be trusted which such mysteries.

As a result, his art was sometimes criticized as being “ vulgar ,” because he painted what he saw: “ rutted and edged hodgepodge of bushes, mounds of earth, and trees in various stages of development .” According to one source, details such as those were equivalent to today ’ s art showing garbage cans or beer bottles on the side of a street scene.

According to Bernard McGinn, " mythic patterns " such as " the primordial struggle between good and evil " appear in passages throughout the Hebrew Bible, including passages that describe historical events.