According to the IRS, " The fair market value of goods and services exchanged must be included in the income of both parties.

According to Blair ( 1997 ) British Steel faced serious problems at the time of its formation, including obsolescent plants ; plants operating under capacity and thus at low efficiency ; outdated technology ; price controls that reduced marketing flexibility ; soaring coal and oil costs ; lack of capital investment funds ; and increasing competition on the world market.

According to Anthony Quinton, classical liberals believe that " an unfettered market " is the most efficient mechanism to satisfy human needs and channel resources to their most productive uses: they " are more suspicious than conservatives of all but the most minimal government.

According to Barks, his attention was mostly drawn to the cowboys that frequented the market with their revolvers, strange nicknames for each other and sense of humor.

According to Tibor R. Machan, " Without a market in which allocations can be made in obedience to the law of supply and demand, it is difficult or impossible to funnel resources with respect to actual human preferences and goals.

According to Ronald Coase people begin to organise their production in firms when the costs of doing business becomes lower than doing it on the market.

According to Olivier De Schutter, the UN special rapporteur on food, there was a rush by institutions to enter the food market following George W Bush's Commodities Futures Modernization Act of 2000.

" According to this view, in market economies sophisticated business networks are formed which produce and distribute goods and services throughout the economy.

According to the what economist Nicholas Barr describes as the " classical definition of income :" the 1938 Haig-Simons definition, " income may be defined as the ... sum of ( 1 ) the market value of rights exercised in consumption and ( 2 ) the change in the value of the store of property rights ..." Since the consumption potential of non-monetary goods, such as leisure, cannot be measured, monetary income may be thought of as a proxy for full income.

According to Marx capitalists take advantage of the difference between the labour market and the market for whatever commodity the capitalist can produce.

According to Lodovico Vedriani, there were two suits of her armour in the " Quattro Castelli " until 1622, when they were sold in the market of Reggio.

According to Autodata, in 2006 Chrysler, Honda, and Toyota comprised 72 % of the United States minivan market.

According to the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority ( PTA ), Mobilink continues to lead the market with 35. 7 million subscribers, followed by Telenor with 29. 3 million, Ufone with 23. 1 million, Zong with 15. 6 million, and Warid Telecom with 14. 3 million.

According to Consumer Reports, in the 1970s, the rivalry continued to heat up the market.

According to Beverage Digests 2008 report on carbonated soft drinks, PepsiCo's U. S. market share is 30. 8 percent, while The Coca-Cola Company's is 42. 7 percent.

According to them, market failures and natural monopolies could be problematic.

According to Saab the restructuring was undertaken to become more market and customer oriented.

According to the legendarium recorded in the 12th-century Gesta Treverorum, the city was founded by an eponymous otherwise unrecorded Trebeta, an Assyrian prince, placing the city's founding legend centuries before and independently of ancient Rome: a medieval inscription on the facade of the Red House in Trier market,

According to Deutsche Börse, the operator of Xetra, DAX measures the performance of the Prime Standard ’ s 30 largest German companies in terms of order book volume and market capitalization.

According to one of the designers, Masatoshi Shima, the market focus was on high performance printers, high-end cash registers, and intelligent terminals.

According to a 2012 Financial Times article, hedge funds are increasingly making most of the short term trades in large sections of the capital market ( like the UK and US stock exchanges ), which is making it harder for them to maintain their historically high returns, as they are increasingly finding themselves trading with each other rather than with less sophisticated investors.

According to its authors, it was not intended to impact market gains obtained by honest means, by benefiting the consumer more than the competitors.

According to its 2009 survey, the median salary earned by holders of either bachelor's or master's degrees in journalism and mass communication from colleges and universities in the United States ( including Puerto Rico ) entering the full-time job market in 2009 with $ 30, 000.

According to a research report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oran was decimated by the plague in 1556 and 1678, but outbreaks after European colonization, in 1921 ( 185 cases ), 1931 ( 76 cases ), and 1944 ( 95 cases ), were very far from the scale of the epidemic described in the novel.

According to research funded by the USAID CAPS project, Armenia's exceptionally high rate of economic growth during the last decade has been largely dependent on external factors ( e. g., remittances, assistance from international financial and donor organization ).

According to research commissioned by the Yerevan office of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ), at least one in three working-age Armenians was unemployed as of February 2005 despite several consecutive years of double-digit economic growth.

According to Scott Simpson, the Gona Project's physical anthropologist, the fossil evidence from the Middle Awash indicates that both A. kadabba and A. ramidus lived in " a mosaic of woodland and grasslands with lakes, swamps and springs nearby ," but further research is needed to determine which habitat Ardipithecus at Gona preferred.

According to a single unsupported piece of recent research, refugees from the collapsed Assyrian Empire claim to have reached the region of Lake Chad and founded the kingdoms of Kanem and Kebbi.

According to this research, genetic markers commonly found in modern humans worldwide suggest that today many people carry a gene that evolved as protection against the brain diseases that can be spread by consuming human brain tissue.

According to the rationalist philosophy, design is informed by research and knowledge in a predictable and controlled manner.

According to Robert Evans, head of Paramount Pictures at the time, Coppola also did not initially want to direct the film because he feared it would glorify the Mafia and violence, and thus reflect poorly on his Sicilian and Italian heritage ; on the other hand, Evans specifically wanted an Italian-American to direct the film because his research had shown that previous films about the Mafia that were directed by non-Italians had fared dismally at the box office, and he wanted to, in his own words, " smell the spaghetti ".

According to the research of Russian anthropologist S. M. Shirokogoroff, in the Manchu tribe of the Amur river mothers used to put their male babies ' penises into mouths as a caress, since it was not considered a sexual act.

According to the GÉANT website its core objective is to deliver real value and benefit to society by enabling research communities across Europe, and the world, to transform the way they collaborate on ground-breaking research.

According to research by Lera Boroditsky, grammatical genders are among the aspects of languages that shape how people think ( a hypothesis called " linguistic relativity ").

According to the ideal of research-university, the university teaching staff is actively involved in the research of the institution.

According to Jex & Britt, individual and organization research can be divided into four unique research focuses.

According to research, the vulture population has undergone a sharp decline on the Indian subcontinent, 95 % decline in 2004, 99. 9 % decline as of 2008 due to the use of diclofenac in animals.

According to Kerry Gaynor, one of her former research assistants, " many felt Kirlian photography ’ s effects were just a natural occurrence.

According to research by John R. Clarke ( Drexel University ) it affects about 15 % of the population.

According to several linguists, neurocognitive research has confirmed many standards of language learning, such as: " learning engages the entire person ( cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains ), the human brain seeks patterns in its searching for meaning, emotions affect all aspects of learning, retention and recall, past experience always affects new learning, the brain's working memory has a limited capacity, lecture usually results in the lowest degree of retention, rehearsal is essential for retention, practice does not make perfect, and each brain is unique " ( Sousa, 2006, p. 274 ).

According to economists Donald Deere ( Texas A & M ), Kevin Murphy ( University of Chicago ), and Finis Welch ( Texas A & M ), Card and Krueger's conclusions are contradicted by " common sense and past research ".

According to Weber's theses, social research cannot be fully inductive or descriptive, because understanding some phenomenon implies that the researcher must go beyond mere description and interpret it ; interpretation requires classification according to abstract " ideal ( pure ) types ".

According to contemporary research, males are dominant throughout Melanesia ( although some believe that female witches have special powers ).

According to archaeological research, during the 970s the Sandomierz region and the Przemyśl area inhabited by the Lendians became incorporated into the Polish state.

According to recent research, adult Manduca sexta is able to retain the behaviour learned as a caterpillar.

According to the International Atomic Energy Agency there are at least 100 research reactors in the world fueled by highly enriched ( weapons-grade / 90 % enrichment uranium ).