According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, personality traits are " enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ), DID includes " the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states " that alternate control of the individual's behavior, accompanied by the inability to recall personal information beyond what is expected through normal forgetfulness.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV-TR ), symptoms emerge before seven years of age.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition ( DSM IV-TR ), a frequent and widely used guide for the diagnosis of mental disorders, the following symptoms and characteristics are the diagnostic criteria for kleptomania:

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ), paedophilia is specified as a form of paraphilia in which a person either has intense sexual urges towards children, and experiences recurrent sexual urges towards and fantasies about children that he or she has acted on or that cause distress or interpersonal difficulty.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ), a widely used manual for diagnosing mental disorders, patients who show at least six of the following symptoms in a period of two weeks may be diagnosed with PMD.

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