According to Akhil Reed Amar, the framers and early supporters of the Fourteenth Amendment believed that it would ensure that the states would be required to recognize the individual rights the federal government was already required to respect in the Bill of Rights and in other constitutional provisions ; all of these rights were likely understood as falling within the " privileges or immunities " safeguarded by the amendment.

According to the Court, however, the Civil Rights Cases held that the Fourteenth Amendment did not allow Congress to target private parties in order to remedy the unequal enforcement of state laws.

According to the four dissenting justices, the Fourteenth Amendment and Seventeenth Amendment " are not rips in the fabric of the Framers ' Constitution, inviting judicial repairs ," and that amendments affecting states ' rights like the Seventeenth Amendment " did not convert the judiciary into an alternate shield against the commerce power.

According to the Complete Fourteenth Season commentary, the FOX network insisted that the 300th episode be scheduled specifically on February 16, 2003 so that there was time to plan a huge promotion for the episode.

According to Barnett, liberty of contract is properly found in the Privileges or Immunities Clause, not in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment .. David Bernstein ’ s book, Rehabilitating Lochner: Defending Individual Rights Against Progressive Reform, argues that the decision in Lochner was well-grounded in the Supreme Court ’ s precedent.

According to Amar, the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment wanted to extend the due process right not only to citizens, but to all other persons as well, which required a separate Due Process Clause.

According to Schenck, the Espionage Act violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment.

According to the Supreme Court, the Eighth Amendment forbids some punishments entirely, and forbids some other punishments that are excessive when compared to the crime, or compared to the competence of the perpetrator.

According to lawyer and diplomat Frederic Jesup Stimson, the framers of the Constitution and the Ninth Amendment intended that no rights that they already held would be lost through omission.

According to First Amendment scholar Floyd Abrams, the Act " was the first law barring unions and corporations from making independent expenditures in support of or opposition to federal candidates.

According to historian Glenn W. LaFantasie of Western Kentucky University, " ever since 1985, when Ronald Reagan was serving in his second term as president, there have been repeated attempts to repeal the 22nd Amendment ; this proposal has failed repeatedly in Congress, although it is still introduced over and over again.

According to the April 7, 1933, DuBois Courier, the brewery won the honor of being one of only two breweries in the entire nation that had never violated or been suspected of violating the Prohibition laws since the 18th Amendment went into effect.

According to this article, it is an open question whether the exclusionary rule deters the police from violating Fourth Amendment protections of individuals.

According to the The 25th Amendment of the United States, the death of a President still active in office is automatically entitles his or hers spouse to one year of protective services.

According to his biographer, Cathy Kunzinger Urwin, Rockefeller ’ s “ good-government ” reform proposals included: revision of the Arkansas State Constitution, governmental administrative reorganization, election law reform ( a " little Hatch Act " to prohibit state employees from engaging in political activities on the job ), teacher tenure, taxpayer-funded kindergarten under Amendment 53, adult and continuing education programs, rehabilitation and vocational training in the corrections system, and the recurring attempts at industrial recruitment.

According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa, member of the Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño ( Puerto Rican Statehood Party ) and the only member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives who did not belong to the PPD, the law was repressive and in direct violation of the First Amendment of the U. S. Constitution, which guarantees Freedom of Speech.

" According to the court, the state funding of faith-based healthcare violated the First Amendment.

According to Gregory Weeks, author of U. S. and Latin American Relations ( Peason, 2008, p. 56 ), " The Teller Amendment, authored by a Colorado Senator who wanted to make sure that Cuba's sugar would not compete with his state's crop of beet sugar, prohibited the president from annexing Cuba.

According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa, a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, the law was repressive and was in violation of the First Amendment of the US Constitution which guarantees Freedom of Speech.

According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa, a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, the law was repressive and was in violation of the First Amendment of the US Constitution which guarantees Freedom of Speech.

According to the court, even though ABC was wrong to do what they had done, Food Lion was not suing for defamation, but rather for tort, as a way to get around the strict First Amendment standards for defamation.

According to Leopoldo Figueroa, a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, the law was repressive and was in violation of the First Amendment of the US Constitution which guarantees Freedom of Speech.

According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa, a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, the law was in direct violation of the First Amendment of the US Constitution, which guarantees Freedom of Speech.

According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa, member of the Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño ( Puerto Rican Statehood Party ) and the only member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives who did not belong to the PPD, the law was repressive and in violation of the First Amendment of the US Constitution which guarantees Freedom of Speech.

According to the official interpretation of the Charter, a member cannot be penalized by not having the right to vote in the General Assembly for nonpayment of financial obligations to the `` special '' United Nations' budgets, and of course cannot be expelled from the Organization ( which you suggested in your editorial ), due to the fact that there is no provision in the Charter for expulsion.

According to official data, in 2007, a record-high 500, 000 tourists visited Armenia — most of them ethnic Armenians from Europe, Russia and the United States.

According to Strmiska and Sigurvinsson ( 2005 ), American Asatruar tend to prefer a more devotional form of worship and a more emotional conception of the Nordic gods than Scandinavian practitioner, reflecting the parallel tendency of highly emotional forms of Christianity prevalent in the United States.

According to FBI director Robert Mueller and the 9 / 11 Commission, Omari entered the United States through a Dubai flight on June 29, 2001, with Salem al-Hazmi, landing in New York.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which, of it is land and of it ( 0. 89 %) is water.

According to the SEC, Aon ’ s subsidiaries made improper payments of over $ 3. 6 million to government officials and third party facilitators in Costa Rica, Egypt, Vietnam, Indonesia, the United Arab Emirates, Myanmar and Bangladesh, between 1983 and 2007, in order to obtain and retain insurance contracts.

According to Capp, who loved to relate the story, Kelly's two perfectly logical reasons for doing so were: a. to cement diplomatic relations between Argentina and the United States, and b. " Because you can't play the piano, anyway!

Meteorologists ( and most of the temperate countries in the southern hemisphere ) use a definition based on months, with autumn being September, October and November in the northern hemisphere, According to United States tradition, autumn runs from the day after Labor Day ( i. e. the Tuesday following the first Monday of September ) through Thanksgiving ( i. e. the fourth Thursday in November ), after which the holiday season that demarcates the unofficial beginning of winter begins.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

According to the Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church, a bishop's responsibilities are

According to United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization the term bean should include only species of Phaseolus ; however, a strict consensus definition has proven difficult because in the past, several species such as Vigna ( angularis ( azuki bean ), mungo ( black gram ), radiata ( mung bean ), aconitifolia ( moth bean )) were classified as Phaseolus and later reclassified.

According to the United States Census Bureau the city's area includes of land and ( 40. 83 %) water, most of it part of San Francisco Bay.

: According to the BIS, " The choice of Switzerland for the seat of the BIS was a compromise by those countries that established the BIS: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

According to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, around 125, 000 ethnic Serbs who fled the 1991 – 1995 conflict are registered as having returned to Croatia, of whom around 55, 000 remain permanently.

According to the 2010 United States Census, the city's population was 105, 162.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Cambridge has a total area of, of which of it is land and of it ( 9. 82 %) is water.

According to the Aztec legend, Aztlán is a region ; Chicano nationalists have equated it with the Southwestern United States.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of.

According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, China's per capita food availability and consumption have increased, and average per capita food availability has grown from less than 1700 kcal in 1960 to 2570 kcal per day in 1995.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and ( 20. 70 %) is water.

According to William J. Novak, however, liberalism in the United States shifted, " between 1877 and 1937 ... from laissez-faire constitutionalism to New Deal statism, from classical liberalism to democratic social-welfarism ".

According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service USDA report, " All sheep and lamb inventory in the United States on July 1, 2005, totaled 7. 80 million head, 2 % above July 1, 2004.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of, of which, of it is land and of it ( 6. 37 %) is water.

According to the United States Department of Energy, the wide range of its current and projected uses, together with the lack of any immediately suitable replacement, makes dysprosium the single most critical element for emerging clean energy technologies-even their most conservative projections predict a shortfall of dysprosium before 2015.