According to Kenneth S. Rogoff, " Although the development of international capital markets was quite limited prior to 1800, we nevertheless catalog the numerous defaults of France, Portugal, Prussia, Spain, and the early Italian city-states.

* According to culinary writer Giuliano Bugialli, the term comes from the Italian bagno maria, named after Maria de ' Cleofa, who developed the technique in Florence in the sixteenth century.

According to some researchers, despite the significant differences between the writing systems, Italian, German and English populations suffer similarly from dyslexia.

According to his letters, he was associated with the Venetian natural philosopher, Giulio Camillo, but, apart from this, he had a less active association with Italian scholars than might have been expected.

According to Robert Evans, head of Paramount Pictures at the time, Coppola also did not initially want to direct the film because he feared it would glorify the Mafia and violence, and thus reflect poorly on his Sicilian and Italian heritage ; on the other hand, Evans specifically wanted an Italian-American to direct the film because his research had shown that previous films about the Mafia that were directed by non-Italians had fared dismally at the box office, and he wanted to, in his own words, " smell the spaghetti ".

According to Italian journalist Enrico Deaglio, Cossiga to justify his lack of action " accused the leaders of CGIL and of the Italian Communist Party to know the location where Moro was detained ".

According to the Italian Constitution, after his resignation from the office of President, Cossiga became lifetime senator, joining his predecessors in the upper house of parliament, with whom he also shared the title of President Emeritus of the Italian Republic.

According to the Italian government, there were 4, 570, 317 foreign residents in Italy as of January 2011.

According to the EU's statistics body Eurostat, Italian public debt stood at 116 % of GDP in 2010, ranking as the second biggest debt ratio after Greece ( with 126. 8 %).

According to the Bologna statistics of the European Union, Italian is spoken as a mother tongue by 65 million people in the EU ( 13 % of the EU population ), mainly in Italy, and as a second language by 14 million ( 3 %).

According to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, every year there are more than 200, 000 foreign students that are learning Italian language ; they are distributed in the 90 Institutes of Italian Culture in the world, in the 179 Italian schools abroad and in the 111 Italian sections that are open into foreign schools.

According to Professor Grillo, these exchanges are " pure Italian.

According to the Liber Pontificalis, Linus was an Italian from Tuscany ( though his name is Greek ) and born in Volterra, and his father's name was Herculanus.

According to one hypothesis, an Italian architect called Petrok Maly may have been an author of the Ascension Church in Kolomenskoye, one of the earliest and most prominent tented roof churches.

According to Vasari, antique art was central to the rebirth of Italian art.

According to the Mitrokhin Archives, the Italian Communist Party lodged several complaints with the Soviet ambassador in Rome regarding Czechoslovak support of the Red Brigades, but the Soviets were either unwilling or unable to stop the StB.

According to a French etymology, the Italian tarocco derived from Arabic طرح ṭarḥ, ' rejection ; subtraction, deduction, discount '.

According to the Constitution, the President has ultimate authority over foreign policy, while Congress is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic nominations and international treaties, as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign policy.

According to the Tarnovo Constitution, all men between 21 and 40 years of age were eligible for military service.

According to the Constitution of the Czech Republic, the President is the head of state while the Prime Minister is the head of government, exercising supreme executive power.

According to the Egyptian Constitution, political parties are allowed to exist.

:: Example 1 ( parliamentary monarchy ): According to Section 12 of the Constitution of Denmark 1953:

:: Example 3 ( parliamentary republic ): According to Article 26 ( 2 ) of the 1975 Constitution of Greece:

:: Example 4 ( parliamentary republic ): According to Article 53 ( 1 ) of the Constitution of India:

:: Example 6 ( semi-presidential republic ): According to Chapter 4, Article 87, Section 1 of the Constitution of Russia:

:: Example 3 ( semi-presidential republic ): According to Chapter 4, Article 84 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation:

According to Aristotle's Constitution of Orchomenus, when the Thespians ravaged Ascra, the villagers sought refuge at Orchomenus, where, following the advice of an oracle, they collected the ashes of Hesiod and set them in a place of honour in their agora, next to the tomb of Minyas, their eponymous founder.

According to the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, the YDPA is considered as the Supreme Head of the Federation ( Article 32 ).

According to the U. S. Department of State, " The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary ; however, the executive branch has exerted undue influence on the judiciary.

According to the Constitution of North Korea ( 조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의 헌법 ) Article 100, " the National Defence Commission is the highest military leadership body of State power.

According to Article 17 of the Constitution, " independence, peace, and solidarity are the basic ideals of the foreign policy and the principles of external activities of the DPRK ".

According to the 1999 Constitution of Niger, the President may call a referendum on any matter ( except for a revision of those elements of the Constitution outlined in Article 136 — including the presidential term limits ).

According to professor A. V. Dicey in An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, the essential features of a federal constitution are: a ) A written supreme constitution in order to prevent disputes between the jurisdictions of the Federal and State authorities ; b ) A distribution of power between the Federal and State governments and c ) A Supreme Court vested with the power to interpret the Constitution and enforce the law of the land remaining independent of both the executive and legislative branches.

According to Article 50 of the Constitution, the National Assembly, the Senate and the President together make up a body known as the Majlis-i-Shoora ( Council of Advisers ).

According to Article II, Section 3, Clause 2 of the Constitution, the president may convene either or both houses of Congress.

In 1741, during the attack that led to Walpole's downfall, Samuel Sandys declared that " According to our Constitution we can have no sole and prime minister.

According to article 7 of the Constitution, if the presidency becomes vacant for any reason, or if the president becomes incapacitated, upon the request of the gouvernement, the Constitutional Council may rule, by a majority vote, that the presidency is to be temporarily assumed by the President of the Senate.

According to the Constitution of Russia, the country is a federation and semi-presidential republic, wherein the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government.

According to the Constitution of Russia, the President of Russia is head of state, and of a multi-party system with executive power exercised by the government, headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President with the parliament's approval.

According to Vahram Nercissiantz, President Serzh Sargsyan's chief economic adviser, " Businessmen holding state positions have turned into oligarchs who have avoided paying sufficient taxes by abusing their state positions, distorted markets with unequal conditions, breached the rules of competition, impeded or prevented small and medium-sized business ’ entry into manufacturing and thereby sharply deepened social polarization in the republic.

According to the London IPO filings, the management team was Philippe Kahn as President, Spencer Ozawa as VP of Operations, Marie Bourget as CFO, and Spencer Leyton as VP of business development, while all software development was continuing to take place in Denmark and later London as the Danish co-founders moved there.

According to US President John Adams, Ponet's work contained " all the essential principles of liberty, which were afterward dilated on by Sidney and Locke ", including the idea of a three-branched government.

According to the Board of Governors, the Federal Reserve is independent within government in that " its monetary policy decisions do not have to be approved by the President or anyone else in the executive or legislative branches of government.

According to legend, Dolley Madison was referred to as " First Lady " in 1849 at her funeral in a eulogy delivered by President Zachary Taylor.

According to the constitution, the President of the National Assembly was to assume the Presidency of the Republic in the event of a vacancy, and a new presidential election was to be held within 60 days.

According to a statement in July 2009 by a legal counsel of the Honduras military, Colonel Herberth Bayardo Inestroza, the Honduran military was opposed to President Manuel Zelaya, whom the military had removed from Honduras a few days earlier, because of his left-wing politics.

According to his memoirs, before arriving in California he dined in Washington with President Millard Fillmore and his family, but Eric Cline says that he didn't attend but simply read about it in the papers.

According to Spink, President Roosevelt wanted " a tough judge and a man sympathetic with his viewpoint in that important court "; Lowden and Landis were, like Roosevelt, on the progressive left of the Republican Party.

According to Puglisi, in the post-1960 period the Times displays a more symmetric type of watchdog behaviour, just because during presidential campaigns it also gives more coverage to the typically Republican issue of Defense when the incumbent President is a Democrat, and less so when the incumbent is a Republican.

According to former ABC News correspondent Sam Donaldson, when the President heard of this treatment, he demanded — and eventually received — Regan's resignation.

According to Lt. Gen. Leonard T. Gerow, President of the Board which recommended its formation, " The College is concerned with grand strategy and the utilization of the national resources necessary to implement that strategy ... Its graduates will exercise a great influence on the formulation of national and foreign policy in both peace and war ...."

According to Kevin Phillips, author and political strategist to U. S. President Richard Nixon, the United States is a plutocracy in which there is a " fusion of money and government.

According to the Colombian government, FARC-EP had an estimated 6, 000 – 8, 000 members in 2008, down from 16, 000 in 2001, having lost much of their fighting force since President Álvaro Uribe took office in 2002.

According to the Syrian Constitution, the President of Syria is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.