According to Kenneth S. Rogoff, " Although the development of international capital markets was quite limited prior to 1800, we nevertheless catalog the numerous defaults of France, Portugal, Prussia, Spain, and the early Italian city-states.

* According to culinary writer Giuliano Bugialli, the term comes from the Italian bagno maria, named after Maria de ' Cleofa, who developed the technique in Florence in the sixteenth century.

According to some researchers, despite the significant differences between the writing systems, Italian, German and English populations suffer similarly from dyslexia.

According to his letters, he was associated with the Venetian natural philosopher, Giulio Camillo, but, apart from this, he had a less active association with Italian scholars than might have been expected.

According to Robert Evans, head of Paramount Pictures at the time, Coppola also did not initially want to direct the film because he feared it would glorify the Mafia and violence, and thus reflect poorly on his Sicilian and Italian heritage ; on the other hand, Evans specifically wanted an Italian-American to direct the film because his research had shown that previous films about the Mafia that were directed by non-Italians had fared dismally at the box office, and he wanted to, in his own words, " smell the spaghetti ".

According to Italian journalist Enrico Deaglio, Cossiga to justify his lack of action " accused the leaders of CGIL and of the Italian Communist Party to know the location where Moro was detained ".

According to the Italian Constitution, after his resignation from the office of President, Cossiga became lifetime senator, joining his predecessors in the upper house of parliament, with whom he also shared the title of President Emeritus of the Italian Republic.

According to the Italian government, there were 4, 570, 317 foreign residents in Italy as of January 2011.

According to the EU's statistics body Eurostat, Italian public debt stood at 116 % of GDP in 2010, ranking as the second biggest debt ratio after Greece ( with 126. 8 %).

According to the Bologna statistics of the European Union, Italian is spoken as a mother tongue by 65 million people in the EU ( 13 % of the EU population ), mainly in Italy, and as a second language by 14 million ( 3 %).

According to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, every year there are more than 200, 000 foreign students that are learning Italian language ; they are distributed in the 90 Institutes of Italian Culture in the world, in the 179 Italian schools abroad and in the 111 Italian sections that are open into foreign schools.

According to Professor Grillo, these exchanges are " pure Italian.

According to the Liber Pontificalis, Linus was an Italian from Tuscany ( though his name is Greek ) and born in Volterra, and his father's name was Herculanus.

According to one hypothesis, an Italian architect called Petrok Maly may have been an author of the Ascension Church in Kolomenskoye, one of the earliest and most prominent tented roof churches.

According to Vasari, antique art was central to the rebirth of Italian art.

According to the Mitrokhin Archives, the Italian Communist Party lodged several complaints with the Soviet ambassador in Rome regarding Czechoslovak support of the Red Brigades, but the Soviets were either unwilling or unable to stop the StB.

According to the Italian Constitution, the President of the Italian Republic is not accountable, and he is not responsible for any act of his office, unless he has committed high treason or attempted to subvert the Constitution.

According to a French etymology, the Italian tarocco derived from Arabic طرح ṭarḥ, ' rejection ; subtraction, deduction, discount '.

According to linguist Bruce Moore, " the major input of the various sounds that went into constructing the Australian accent was from south-east England.

According to Coke, Garnet instigated the plot: " hath many gifts and endowments of nature, by art learned, a good linguist and, by profession, a Jesuit and a Superior as indeed he is Superior to all his predecessors in devilish treason, a Doctor of Dissimulation, Deposing of Princes, Disposing of Kingdoms, Daunting and deterring of subjects, and Destruction.

According to author David Greven, " Ensign Hoshi Sato is an Asian American linguist and the communications officer.

According to linguist V. I. Georgiev, Epirus was part of the Proto-Greek linguistic area.

According to linguist Deborah Tannen, " Bitch is the most contemptible thing you can say about a woman.

According to the DVD commentary of the film, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, actors Leonard Nimoy and Kirstie Alley, portraying Spock and Saavik respectively, spoke their lines in English, and later dubbed in alien dialogue ( at least partially designed by linguist Marc Okrand ) that corresponded with the movements of their mouths in the scene.

According to linguist Ghil ' ad Zuckermann:

According to Scottish linguist Deborah Cameron, " the classic Orwellian argument for finding this usage objectionable would be that

According to linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji, the Magadhi Prakrit in the east gave rise to four Apabhramsa dialects: Radha, Vanga, Varendra, and Kamarupa ; the Kamarupa Apabhramsa, keeping to the north of the Ganges, gave rise to the North Bengal dialects in West Bengal and Assamese in the Brahmaputra valley.

According to the notable Turkic linguist Vasily Radlov and the orientalist Veniamin Yudin, the noun qazğaq derives from the same root as the verb qazğan (" to obtain ", " to gain ").

According to the Italian linguist Giacomo Devoto, there are still a number of Celtic substrata in the Romagnolo dialect.

According to linguist Robert Blust the Formosan languages form nine of the ten principal branches of the Austronesian language family, while the one remaining principal branch contains nearly 1, 200 Malayo-Polynesian languages found outside of Taiwan.

According to the Bulgarian linguist Georgiev, the Daco-Mysian region included Dacia ( approximately contemporary Romania and Hungary to the east of the Tisza River, Mysia ( Moesia ) and Scythia Minor ( contemporary Dobrogea ).

According to the Bulgarian linguist Decev, of the 42 supposedly Dacian plant names in Dioscorides only 25 are truly Dacian, while 10 are Latin and 7 Greek.

According to linguist and anthropologist William Bright, the name is from the Koyukon ( Athabaskan ) tene no, tenene, literally " trail river ".

According to Netiva Ben-Yehuda, linguist and music historian, youths carried notebooks to jot down the songs they would sing with their friends.

According to linguist Peter Trudgill, the term originates from the Norfolk language word tittermatorter.

According to linguist Roger Blench, as of 2004, all specialists in Niger – Congo languages believe the languages to have a common origin, rather than merely constituting a typological classification, for reasons including their shared noun-class system, their shared verbal extensions and their shared basic lexicon.

According to the comparative linguist Ante Aikio, the Sami proto-language developed in South Finland or in Karelia around 2000 – 2500 years ago, spreading then to northern Fennoscandia.

According to UC Berkeley linguist George L. Hart, it should be ancient, it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on its own, not as an offshoot of another tradition, and it must have a large and extremely rich body of ancient literature.

According to linguist Ghil ' ad Zuckermann, " it is possible that the Sun Language Theory was adopted by Atatürk in order to legitimize the Arabic and Persian words which the Turkish language authorities did not manage to uproot.

According to linguist Christopher Ehret, traditional religion among Afro-Asiatic-speaking peoples was originally henotheistic in nature.

According to linguist Mark Liberman, considered harmful was a journalistic cliché, used in headlines, well before the Dijkstra article.

* According to linguist V. Georgiev, the theory of an Illyrian origin for the Albanians is weakened by a lack of any Albanian names before the 12th century and the relative absence of Greek influence that would surely be present if the Albanians inhabited their homeland continuously since ancient times.