According to the WHO, it is practiced in 28 countries in western, eastern, and north-eastern Africa, in parts of the Middle East, and within some immigrant communities in Europe, North America, Australasia.

According to the WHO, some practices regarded as legal in countries that have outlawed FGM do fall under the category of Type IV ( see below ), but the organization decided to maintain a broad definition to avoid loopholes that could allow FGM to continue.

According to the WHO, 100 – 140 million women and girls are living with FGM, including 92 million girls over the age of 10 in Africa.

According to the World Health Organisation ( WHO ), over a third of people in most countries report problems at some time in their life which meet criteria for diagnosis of one or more of the common types of mental disorder.

According to spokesperson Vivian Tan of the WHO office in Beijing, " In cases like this August 2009, we encourage the authorities to identify cases, to investigate any suspicious symptoms among close contacts, and to treat confirmed cases as soon as possible.

According to a 2007 World Health Organization ( WHO ) report, 1. 1 billion people lack access to an improved drinking water supply, 88 percent of the 4 billion annual cases of diarrheal disease are attributed to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene, and 1. 8 million people die from diarrheal diseases each year.

According to the World Health Organization ( WHO ), an estimated 50, 000 to 100, 000 women develop obstetric fistulas each year and over two million women currently live with obstetric fistula.

According to the World Health Organization ( WHO ), maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.

According to the World Health Organization ( WHO ), more than a million people are killed on the world ’ s roads each year.

According to the WHO, in their guidelines on chiropractic practice, spinal manipulation is contraindicated for disc herniations when there are progressive neurological deficits.

According to WHO guidelines 2010, artemisinin-based combination therapies ( ACTs ) are the recommended first line antimalarial treatments for uncomplicated malaria caused by P. falciparum.

According to the WHO lexicon of alcohol and drug terms, habituation is defined as “ becoming accustomed to any behavior or condition, including psychoactive substance use ”.

According to World Health Organization ( WHO ), 15 % of the world's total population have disabilities.

According to a WHO report, about 48, 000 melanoma related deaths occur worldwide per year.

According to the WHO, 50 % of medical equipment in developing countries is only partly usable due to lack of skilled operators or parts.

According to the currently adopted definition by FAO / WHO, probiotics are: " Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host ".

According to WHO " Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms ..." sobriety is continued abstinence from psychoactive drug use.

According to the WHO classification of the tumors of the central nervous system, the standard name for this brain tumor is " glioblastoma "; it presents two variants: giant cell glioblastoma and gliosarcoma.

According to WHO, " Pharmacovigilance activities are done to monitor detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of any obnoxious adverse reactions to drugs at therapeutic concentration that is used or is intended to be used to modify or explore physiological system or pathological states for the benefit of recipient.

According to the WHO, the " precautionary principle " is " a risk management policy applied in circumstances with a high degree of scientific uncertainty, reflecting the need to take action for a potentially serious risk without awaiting the results of scientific research.

According to WHO intravenous AS is the drug of choice for severe malaria both in children and adults where there is low transmission.

According to WHO statistics infant mortality fell from 23 to 20 in males and 19 to 17 in females per 1000 births between 2003 and 2005.

While noting recent progress, The Lancet noted, " According to WHO, in 2007, nearly 2 billion individuals had insufficient iodine intake, a third being of school age.

According to WHO and Guttmacher, approximately 68, 000 women die annually as a result of complications of unsafe abortion ; and between two million and seven million women each year survive unsafe abortion but sustain long-term damage or disease ( incomplete abortion, infection ( sepsis ), haemorrhage, and injury to the internal organs, such as puncturing or tearing of the uterus ).

According to the World Health Organization, physical inactivity is second only to tobacco smoking as a health risk in developed countries, and this is associated with many tens of billions of dollars of healthcare costs.

According to Singer, he serves on the advisory board of an anti-smoking organization, and has never been paid by Philip Morris or the tobacco lobby, or joined any of their front organizations.

According to epidemiologist David Michaels, Assistant Secretary of Energy for Environment, Safety, and Health in the Clinton Administration, the tobacco industry invented the " sound science " movement in the 1980s as part of their campaign against the regulation of second-hand smoke.

According to an internal memo from Philip Morris referring to the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ), " the credibility of the EPA is defeatable, but not on the basis of ETS ( environmental tobacco smoke ) alone.

According to data from the World Health Organization, the amount of tobacco per 1000 cigarettes fell from 2. 28 pounds in 1960 to 0. 91 pounds in 1999, largely as a result of reconstituting tobacco, fluffing and additives.

According to Wyandot mythology, Iosheka created the first man and woman and taught them many skills, including all their religious ceremonies and rituals, the ability to fight evil spirits, healing, and the use of the sacrament of tobacco.

According to the earliest English-language source cited in the Oxford English Dictionary, Tobago bore a name that has become the English word tobacco.

According to author Cyril Elgood ( pp. 41, 110 ), who does not mention his source, it was Abul-Fath Gilani ( d. 1588 ), a Persian physician at the Indian court of the Mughal emperor Akbar, who " first passed the smoke of tobacco through a small bowl of water to purify and cool the smoke and thus invented the hubble-bubble or hookah.

According to Cyril Elgood ( pp. 41, 110 ), who does not mention his source, it was Abul-Fatḥ Gilani ( d. 1588 ), a Persian physician at the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar I, who " first passed the smoke of tobacco through a small bowl of water to purify and cool the smoke and thus invented the hubble-bubble or hookah.

According to Mamudu and Studlar, since the adoption of the FCTC in 2003, " shared sovereignty through multilevel governance has become the norm in the tobacco control policy area for EU members, including having one international organization negotiate within the context of another.

According to it proponents, a framework convention would " promote global cooperation and national action for tobacco control.

According to Mamudu, Hammond, and Glantz, however, " these efforts ... did not undermine acceptance of CTE during the FCTC negotiations and CTE remained an authoritative economic analysis of global tobacco control.

According to his obituary published in the New York Times, he played his entire Major League career using only one bat, which he kept in shape by rubbing with a Coke bottle and seasoning with chewing tobacco.

According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, " Some health scientists have suggested that smokeless tobacco should be used in smoking cessation programmes and have made implicit or explicit claims that its use would partly reduce the exposure of smokers to carcinogens and the risk for cancer.

" According to Connolly, three quarters of Minor League players do not support allowing the use of chewing tobacco during games, and two-thirds of Major League players ( where it is currently still allowed ) support abolishing it.

According to Rogers ' journal, Rogers found Selkirk to be " wild-looking " and " wearing goatskins ", noting, " He had with him his clothes and bedding, with a firelock, some powder, bullets and tobacco, a hatchet, a knife, a kettle, a Bible and books.

According to Alfred Dunhill, Africans have long employed chillum-style pipes for smoking hemp and later tobacco.

According to the DoD, the purpose of this is to comply with the deglamorization of alcohol and tobacco policy.

According to HealthPolitics. org, Skoal tobacco is the most popular brand of dipping tobacco in the United States with a 30 % marketshare.

According to the university, Jentsch studies methamphetamine addiction, tobacco dependence in teenagers, and the cognitive disabilities affecting schizophrenia patients, with much of his work funded by the National Institutes of Health.

According to the Goldin – Sokoloff hypothesis, in the South, the relative productivity of women and children were higher than in the North, since the relative abilities of a man, woman, or child to pick cotton or harvest tobacco are nearly the same.

According to Tina Rosenberg, on pages 66-82 of her book " Join the Club ," the information about tobacco-industry propaganda and manipulation of youth as the Joe Camel ad campaign to get them hooked on tobacco was the most effective PR tool in Florida's SWAT campaign.