According to Chalmers, a naturalistic account of property dualism requires a new fundamental category of properties described by new laws of supervenience ; the challenge being analogous to that of understanding electricity based on the mechanistic and Newtonian models of materialism prior to Maxwell's equations.

According to observations of structures larger than solar systems, as well as Big Bang cosmology interpreted under the Friedmann equations and the FLRW metric, dark matter accounts for 23 % of the mass-energy content of the observable universe.

According to Maxwell's equations, a spatially varying electric field causes the magnetic field to change over time.

According to Maxwell's equations, the speed of light in a vacuum is a universal constant, dependent only on the electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability of free space.

According to Fresnel equations, the reflectivity of a sheet of glass is about 4 % per surface ( at normal incidence in air ), and the transmissivity of one element ( two surfaces ) is about 92 %.

According to the number of the endogenous variables and the number of equations, models can be classified as complete models ( the number of equations equals to the number of endogenous variables ) and incomplete models.

According to Maxwell's equations, an electric field ( u, v ) in two space dimensions that is independent of time satisfies

According to these equations, the rate of aftershocks decreases quickly with time.

According to Birkhoff's theorem, the Schwarzschild solution is the most general spherically symmetric, vacuum solution of the Einstein field equations.

According to the National Weather Service Handbook No. 1 – Facsimile Products, the primitive equations can be simplified into the following equations:

According to propositions of geometry, any sensing must include at least one lateration and ( n + 1 ) determining equations for an n-dimensional problem.

According to Einstein's field equations of general relativity, the structure of spacetime is affected by the presence of matter and energy.

According to Computer Gaming World, Blackley did not seek to represent the equations with perfect accuracy, and was satisfied when the results were consistent and the sensation that they generated was correct.

According to Frans van Schooten, if the various relations between straight lines in a figure are written down in the form of equations or proportions, then the combination of these equations in all possible ways, and of new equations thus derived from them leads to the discovery of innumerable new properties of the figure, and here we have " porisms.

According to Maxwell's equations in the late 19th century, light was thought to consist of waves of electromagnetic fields and matter consist of localized particles.

According to Bjorken and Drell, it would make physical sense to sidestep ultraviolet divergences by using more detailed description than can be provided by differential field equations.

According to Diodorus, he was father of six sons by Cyane, daughter of Liparus ( the eponym of the island Lipara, whom Aeolus assisted in conquering lands above Surrentum, Italy ).

According to Blake, Disraeli believed in upholding Britain's greatness through a tough, " no nonsense " foreign policy that put Britain's interests above the " moral law " that advocated emancipation of small nations.

According to the definition above, two relations with the same graph may be different, if they differ in the sets and.

According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service USDA report, " All sheep and lamb inventory in the United States on July 1, 2005, totaled 7. 80 million head, 2 % above July 1, 2004.

According to CSO Insights, less than 40 percent of 1, 275 participating companies had end-user adoption rates above 90 percent.

According to the American Kennel Club ’ s breed standards, " the dachshund is clever, lively and courageous to the point of rashness, persevering in above and below ground work, with all the senses well-developed.

According to Gettier, there are certain circumstances in which one does not have knowledge, even when all of the above conditions are met.

According to Bamidbar Rabbah, Ezra was doubtful of the correctness of some words in the Torah and said, " Should Elijah ... approve the text, the points dots that he scribed above the letters will be disregarded ; should he disapprove, the doubtful words will be removed from the text ".

According to the Government of Australia's ' Excellence in Research for Australia ' report, the leading universities in the country for media studies ( which were ranked well above World standards by the report's scoring methodology ) are Monash University, QUT, RMIT, University of Melbourne, University of Queensland and UTS.

* According to the laws of thermodynamics all particles of matter are in constant random motion as long as the temperature is above absolute zero.

According to this claim, humans have no inherent rights to destroy nature or set themselves above it in ethical considerations a priori.

According to the rules of quantum field theory, and the associated Feynman diagrams, the above theory gives rise to three basic interactions: a quark may emit ( or absorb ) a gluon, a gluon may emit ( or absorb ) a gluon, and two gluons may directly interact.

According to this view, socialism from above is carried out by a centralized state run by an elite bureaucratic apparatus, whereas socialism from below represents the self-administration and self-rule of the working class.

According to the same report, the above definition contains within it two key concepts:

According to the theorem, the reconstructed signal will match the original signal provided that the original signal contains no frequencies at or above this limit.

According to his autobiography Bessemer was working with an ordinary reverbatory furnace but during a test, some pieces of pig iron were jostled off the side of the ladle, and were left above the ladle in the furnace's heat.

According to the Encomium ( see above ), Edward the Confessor already served as co-ruler of England since 1041.

According to a reporter, "... when he takes the floor, Garfield's voice is heard above all others.

According to the radio designer, intelligible speech can be detected 12dB above the receiver's noise floor ( noise and distortion ).

According to signaling theory, education does not lead to increased human capital, but rather acts as a mechanism by which workers with superior innate abilities can signal those abilities to prospective employers and so gain above average wages.

According to these theologians, this law is not a law above God that he assents to but, rather, logic is an eternal part of God's nature, like his omniscience or omnibenevolence.

According to the relations, given above, this implies also small current and voltage variations.

According to a tradition from the 16th century, his arm was preserved as a relic in a casket above the portal of Saint Bavo of Ghent.

According to this version, Constantine with his army was marching ( Eusebius does not specify the actual location of the event, but it clearly is not in the camp at Rome ), when he looked up to the sun and saw a cross of light above it, and with it the Greek words " Εν Τούτῳ Νίκα ", En toutō níka, usually translated into Latin as " in hoc signo vinces ," both phrases have the literal meaning " In this sign, shall conquer ;" a more free translation would be " Through this sign shall conquer ".

According to Trillin, most Kolkata rickshaws serve people " just a notch above poor " who tend to travel short distances.