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Page "History of Afghanistan" ¶ 70
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Afghan and government
While Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, an Islamist extremist enjoying the backing of neighboring Pakistan, pushed for continued violent struggle against the Afghan government, Massoud and Rabbani advocated for a peaceful political campaign lobbying officials working for the government and armed forces.
The fourth phase was the " general application " of Massoud's principles to the whole country, and the final demise of the Afghan communist government.
Abdur Rahman Khan was considered a strong ruler who re-established the writ of the Afghan government after the disarray that followed the second Anglo-Afghan war.
In the late 1880s many of the Hazara tribes revolted against Abdur Rahman, the first ruler to bring the country of Afghanistan under a centralized Afghan government.
Karmal would remain in exile until December 1979, when the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan ( with the consent of the Afghan government ) to stabilise the situation in the country, they killed Amin, the leader of the PDPA and the Afghan government.
The Afghan government has reported to the UPU several times about illegal stamps being issued and sold in 2003 and 2007.
It will take at least three years to launch the satellite, with the total cost ranging between 200 to 300 million, major international countries have shown interest in sharing the costs with the Afghan government.
Jimmy Carter had officially ended the policy of Détente, by financially aiding the Mujahideen movement in neighboring Afghanistan, which served as a pretext for the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan six months later, with the aims of supporting the Afghan government, controlled by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.
* 2001 – Burhanuddin Rabbani, political leader of the Afghan Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President Hamid Karzai.
Mahmud Tarzi, a highly educated, well-traveled poet and journalist, founded an Afghan nationalist newspaper with Habibullah's agreement, and until 1919 he used the newspaper as a platform for rebutting clerical criticism of Western-influenced changes in government and society, for espousing full Afghan independence, and for other reforms.
In the early modern period under the rule of the Amirs Abdur Rahman ( 1880-1901 ) and Habibullah ( 1901-1919 ), a great deal of Afghan commerce was centrally controlled by the Afghan government.
The Afghan monarchs were eager to develop the stature of government and the country's military capability, and so attempted to raise money by the imposition of state monopolies on the sale of commodoties and high taxes.
However, the Afghan government is planning to build storage facilities for pistachios since receiving bumper crops in 2010.
Plans are being made by the Afghan government to begin extracting these but with the Taliban insurgency and the corruption there is no telling what will happen.
Afghanistan has signed a copper deal with China ( Metallurgical Corp. of China Ltd .) in 2008, which is to a large scale project that involves the investment of $ 2. 8 billion dollars by China and an annual income of about $ 400 million dollars to the Afghan government.
The Afghan government is currently focused on securing continued assistance for rebuilding the economy, infrastructure, and military of the country.
Since 2002, the new Afghan government has engaged in cordial relations with both Iran and the United States, even as relations between Iran and the United States have grown strained due to American objections to Iran's nuclear program.
However, the Marxist-Leninist and secular nature of the government as well as its heavy dependence on the Soviet Union made it unpopular with a majority of the Afghan population.
Most of the government's new policies clashed directly with the traditional Afghan understanding of Islam, making religion one of the only forces capable of unifying the tribally and ethnically divided population against the unpopular new government, and ushering in the advent of Islamist participation in Afghan politics.

Afghan and on
Afghan Turkestan is a region in northern Afghanistan, on the border with the former Soviet republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.
In the agreement, the relations between the British Indian and Afghan governments, as previously arranged, were confirmed ; and an understanding was reached upon the important and difficult subject of the border line of Afghanistan on the east, towards India.
He defeated the Rohillas and Afghan garrisons in Punjab and succeeded in ousting Timur Shah and his court from India and brought Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on the Indian side of Attock under Maratha rule.
The Afghan Ministry of Communications signed a $ 64. 5 agreement in 2006 with China's ZTE on the establishment of a countrywide optical fiber cable network.
Auckland's plan in the spring of 1838 was for the Sikhs to place Shuja on the Afghan throne, with British support.
Soon afterwards, an uprising in Kabul led to the slaughter of Britain's Resident in Kabul, Sir Pierre Cavagnari and his guards and staff on 3 September 1879, provoking the second phase of the Second Afghan War.
Major General Sir Frederick Roberts led the Kabul Field Force over the Shutargardan Pass into central Afghanistan, defeated the Afghan Army at Char Asiab on 6 October 1879 and occupied Kabul.
But the crafty Afghan ruler clearly viewed the war as an opportunity to play one side off against the other, for he also offered the British to resist a Central Powers attack on India in exchange for an end to British control of Afghan foreign policy.
Using the civil unrest in India as an excuse to move troops to the Durand Line, Afghan troops crossed the border at the western end of the Khyber Pass on 3 May 1919 and occupied the village of Bagh, the scene of an earlier uprising in April.
The fighting concluded in August 1919 and Britain virtually dictated the terms of the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, a temporary armistice that provided, on one somewhat ambiguous interpretation, for Afghan self-determination in foreign affairs.
In 1998, when the Taliban captured the northern Afghan city of Mazar-e-Sharif, several Iranian diplomats were executed on espionage charges.
In 1837, the Afghan army descended through the Khyber Pass on Sikh forces at Jamrud.
" In February 1979, U. S. Ambassador Adolph " Spike " Dubs was murdered in Kabul after Afghan security forces burst in on his kidnappers.
After the fall of the communist Najibullah-regime in 1992, the Afghan political parties agreed on a peace and power-sharing agreement ( the Peshawar Accords ).
Others were kidnapped by the Taliban, touching off a hostage crisis that nearly escalated to a full scale war, with 150, 000 Iranian soldiers massed on the Afghan border at one time.
At the 2010 International Conference on Afghanistan in London, Afghan President Hamid Karzai said he intends to reach out to the Taliban leadership ( including Mullah Omar, Sirajuddin Haqqani and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar ).
He served for 77 days on the front line in the Afghan War, although he was pulled out following publication of the story in an Australian magazine.
Ismail Khan, like Afghan Minister of Defense Rahim Wardak, was one of the high profile Afghans that those conducting the Tribunals ruled were " not reasonably available " to give a statement on a captive's behalf because they could not be located.
Lindh was captured on November 25, 2001, by Afghan Northern Alliance forces after his Al-Qaeda foreign fighters unit surrendered at Kunduz after retreating from Takar.
After the fall of Najibullah's regime in 1992, the Afghan political parties agreed on a peace and power-sharing agreement ( the Peshawar Accords ).

Afghan and left
The débâcle of the Afghan civil war left a vacuum in the Hindu Kush area that concerned the British, who were well aware of the many times in history it had been employed as the invasion route to South Asia.
Afghan President Hamid Karzai in Germany, with Franz Josef Jung to his right and James L. Jones to his left.
In 1526, he left with his army to capture the seat of the Delhi Sultanate, which at that point was possessed by the Afghan Lodi dynasty of India.
The Organisation of the Islamic Conference left the Afghan seat vacant until the question of legitimacy could be resolved through negotiations among the warring factions.
The Afghan village left in ruins after being destroyed by Soviet Armed Forces | Soviet forces.
Many support buildings and base housing built by the Soviet Armed Forces during their occupation were destroyed by years of fighting between various warring Afghan factions after the Soviets left.
Though some sub-groups such as the Kom paid tribute to Chitral, most of Kafiristan was left on the Afghan side of the frontier in 1893, when large areas of tribal lands between Afghanistan and British India were divided into zones of control by the Durand Line.
Khan's troops left Chaghcharan on June 23, a day ahead of the arrival of an Afghan National Army battalion, led by Lieutenant-General Aminullah Paktiyanai, arrived with the support of about twenty U. S. soldiers.
The British began the battle with an artillery barrage that the Afghans responded to via their own artillery at about 11: 20am ; the Grenadiers were on the left flank of the British-Indian force and were in an exposed position that saw them take the brunt of the Afghan barrage, sustaining significant casualties.
None of 24 Afghan body guards left Shah Mansur till last minute and all were killed in the battle.
Five of them were approved by the Afghan Parliament, leaving only six of the 25 ministries left with an ' acting minister.
Afghan Jews left the country en masse in the 1960s, their exile to New York and Tel Aviv was motivated by a search for a better life but not because of religious persecution.
By 1969, some 300 remained, and most of these left after the Soviet invasion of 1979, leaving 10 Afghan Jews in 1996, most of them in Kabul.
The Afghan guns gradually came into action and a three hour artillery duel ensured at an opeing range of about 1700 yards, during which the British captured smoothbore guns on the left expended their ammunition and withdrew to replenish it.
In this way, the Khalqi faction were once again involved in the war, using his pilots to fly the Mig-23 and Sukhoi fighters of what was left of the Afghan Air Force, driving Soviet Tanks and using Soviet Artillery.
Khwaja Osman ( Afghan king ) left Bukai Nagar Fort and established a shelter at Putijuri on the foot of the Giripal.
This was caused by the overall decline of the Mughal Empire which left a power vacuum in the region that was eventually filled by the Sikhs in the late 18th century, after defeating several invasions by the Afghan rulers of the Durrani Empire, and occasionally fighting off hostile Punjabi Muslims siding with other Muslim forces.

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