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Afroasiatic and languages
# REDIRECT Afroasiatic languages
# REDIRECT Afroasiatic languages
Afroasiatic ( alternatively Afro-Asiatic ), also known as Hamito-Semitic, is a large language family, including about 375 living languages.
Afroasiatic languages are spoken predominantly in the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahel.
Other widely spoken Afroasiatic languages are Amharic, the national language of Ethiopia, with 18 million native speakers ; Somali, spoken by around 19 million people in Greater Somalia ; and Hausa, the dominant language of northern Nigeria and southern Niger, spoken by 18. 5 million people and used as a lingua franca in large parts of the Sahel, with some 25 million speakers in total.
In addition to languages spoken today, Afroasiatic includes several ancient languages, such as Ancient Egyptian, Akkadian, and Biblical Hebrew.
* The Omotic language branch is the most controversial member of Afroasiatic, since the grammatical formatives which most linguists have given greatest weight in classifying languages in the family " are either absent or distinctly wobbly " ( Hayward 1995 ).
The term Afroasiatic Urheimat ( Urheimat meaning " original homeland " in German ) refers to the ' hypothetical ' place where Proto-Afroasiatic speakers lived in a single linguistic community, or complex of communities, before this original language dispersed geographically and divided into distinct languages.
The Chadic languages constitute a language family of perhaps 150 languages spoken across northern Nigeria, southern Niger, southern Chad, Central African Republic and nortern Cameroon, belonging to the Afroasiatic phylum.
The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family spoken in the Horn of Africa, Tanzania, Kenya, Sudan and Egypt.
With written attestations appearing since the Bronze Age, in the form of the Anatolian languages and Mycenaean Greek, the Indo-European family is significant to the field of historical linguistics as possessing the longest recorded history after the Afroasiatic family.
: Main articles: Languages of Africa, The Languages of Africa ( book ), Afroasiatic languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Niger – Congo languages, Khoisan languages.
Greenberg grouped the hundreds of African languages into four families, which he dubbed Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger – Congo, and Khoisan.
It differs by including Nivkh, Japonic, Korean, and Ainu ( which the Nostraticists had excluded from comparison because they are single languages rather than language families ) and in excluding Afroasiatic.
Usually also included are the Afroasiatic languages native to the North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East, as well as the Dravidian languages of the Indian Subcontinent ( sometimes extended to Elamo-Dravidian, connecting India and the Persian Plateau ).
It contains the languages not included in the Niger – Congo, Afroasiatic, or Khoisan families.
The Chadic, Omotic, and to some extent Cushitic branches of Afroasiatic are tonal — the Omotic languages heavily so — though their sister families of Semitic, Berber, and Egyptian are not.
* Many Afroasiatic languages in the Chadic, Cushitic and Omotic families have register-tone systems, such as Chadic Hausa.

Afroasiatic and are
While there is general agreement on these six families, there are some points of disagreement among linguists who study Afroasiatic.
Among the typological features of Egyptian that are typically Afroasiatic are: fusional morphology, consonantal lexical roots, a series of emphatic consonants, a three-vowel system / a i u /, nominal feminine suffix *- at, nominal m -, adjectival *- ī, and characteristic personal verbal affixes.
The Omotic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic family spoken in southwestern Ethiopia.
A few scholars have raised doubts that the Omotic languages are part of the Afroasiatic language family at all,
The Afroasiatic languages are represented by the Semitic family in southwest Asia, which includes Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, and extinct languages such as Babylonian.

Afroasiatic and today
The difficulty in making any statement on particulars of Proto-Human lies in the time depth involved, which is far beyond what linguists can trace back today ( between five and ten millennia in the cases of Indo-European and Afroasiatic ).

Afroasiatic and primarily
However, this view has largely been abandoned, with Omotic generally agreed to be an independent branch of Afroasiatic, primarily due to the work of Harold C. Fleming ( 1974 ) and M. Lionel Bender ( 1975 ).
However, the general consensus, based primarily on morphological evidence, is that membership in Afroasiatic is well established.

Afroasiatic and spoken
The most widely spoken Afroasiatic language is Arabic ( including all its colloquial varieties ), with 230 million native speakers, spoken mostly in the Middle East and North Africa.
Akkadian ( lišānum akkadītum, ak. kADû ) ( also Accadian, Assyro-Babylonian ) is an extinct Semitic language ( part of the greater Afroasiatic language family ) that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia.
* Kafa language, an Afroasiatic language spoken in Ethiopia

Afroasiatic and North
Given its widespread occurrence in the Sahara, the Capsian culture is identified by some historical linguists as a possible ancestor of the speakers of modern Afroasiatic languages of North Africa which includes the Berber languages in North Africa.
The 35th annual meeting of the North American Conference on Afroasiatic Linguistics ( NACAL 35, San Antonio, 2007 ), which was initiated by Robert Hetzron at Santa Barbara in 1972, is dedicated to his memory.
* NACAL-The North American Conference on Afroasiatic Linguistics

Afroasiatic and Africa
In doing so, Greenberg sought to emphasize the fact that Afroasiatic was the only language family that was represented transcontinentally, in both Africa and Asia.
While focused on Semitic languages as the only branch of the broader Afroasiatic languages that has its distribution outside Africa, a recent study by Kitchen et al proposed through the use of Bayesian computational phylogenetic techniques that " contemporary Ethiosemitic languages of Africa reflect a single introduction of early Ethiosemitic from southern Arabia approximately 2800 years ago ", and that this single introduction of Ethiosemitic underwent " Rapid Diversification " within Ethiopia and Eritrea.
She came to the attention of a wider audience through her criticism of the claims of Martin Bernal in Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization in her book Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth As History.

Afroasiatic and .
More than 300 million people speak an Afroasiatic language.
The Afroasiatic language family was originally referred to as " Hamito-Semitic ", a term introduced in the 1860s by the German scholar Karl Richard Lepsius.
Greenberg ( 1963 ) and others considered it a subgroup of Cushitic, while others have raised doubts about it being part of Afroasiatic at all ( e. g. Theil 2006 ).
* The Afroasiatic identity of Ongota is also broadly questioned, as is its position within Afroasiatic among those who accept it, due to the " mixed " appearance of the language and a paucity of research and data.
Harold Fleming ( 2006 ) proposes that Ongota constitutes a separate branch of Afroasiatic.
This gives us a minimum date for the age of Afroasiatic.
This would make it a language family about as old as Indo-European ( 4000 to 7, 000 BC according to several hypotheses cited in Mallory 1997: 106 ) but considerably younger than Afroasiatic ( c. 10, 000 BC according to Diakonoff 1988: 33n, 11, 000 to 16, 000 BC according to Ehret 2002: 35 – 36 ).
' Afroasiatic Linguistics 5, 1, 1 – 42.
* Newman, Paul ( 1980 ) The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic.

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