After the Communists took control in the 1940s Polish scholars were safer working on the Middle Ages and the early modern era rather than contemporary history.

After the " Polish October " of 1956 the Sixth Section in Paris welcomed Polish historians and exchanges between the circle of the Annales and Polish scholars continued until the early 1980s.

After some delay Sigismund assented to the offer, with the provision that Prussia should be treated as a Polish fiefdom ; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty concluded at Kraków, Albert pledged a personal oath to Sigismund I and was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs on 10 February 1525.

* 1980 – After two weeks of nationwide strikes, the Polish government was forced to sign the Gdańsk Agreement, allowing for the creation of the trade union Solidarity.

* 966 – After his marriage to the Christian Dobrawa of Bohemia, the pagan ruler of the Polans, Mieszko I, converts to Christianity, an event considered to be the founding of the Polish state.

After George Frederick's death in 1603, the Polish king Zygmunt Waza appointed Joachim Frederick as regent in 1605, and permitted his son, John Sigismund, to succeed him in 1611.

After a short pause at midday, Teuton units were able to push the Poles back ; however, they found themselves under very heavy fire from crossbows of the Polish infantry, which caused huge losses and withdrawal.

After the defeat of the Teutonic Knights and the destruction of the castle by the inhabitants, the city successively was under the sovereignty of the Polish crown ( 1466 ), the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1772 ), and Germany ( 1871 ).

After a particularly sound defeat by Prussian forces in 1223, Polish forces in Chełmno, the seat of Christian of Oliva and Duchy of Masovia would go on the defensive.

After the Section of Prussians and Polish victory over the Teutonic Order, the city became part of the autonomous province of Royal Prussia under the suzerainty of the Polish crown in the Second Peace of Thorn.

After World War I, most of West Prussia became part of the Second Polish Republic.

After the expulsion of most of the German population, the city was repopulated and became known under the Polish name Elbląg.

After the German invasion of Poland that marked the start of WWII in Europe, the Soviet Union invaded and annexed eastern parts of the Second Polish Republic.

After the partitions of Poland Polish territories came under control of the Russian Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia ; the law of those countries ruled homosexual acts illegal.

After 1918, the newly independent Polish state returned to the Napoleonic tradition and the 1932 criminal code did not specify homosexuality as a crime.

After the war, Greater Poland was fully within the Polish People's Republic, as Poznań Voivodeship.

After the fall of the November Uprising, thousands of former Polish combatants and other activists emigrated to Western Europe, where they were initially enthusiastically received.

After the outbreak of World War I, which confronted the partitioning powers against each other, Piłsudski's paramilitary units stationed in Galicia were turned into the Polish Legions, and as a part of the Austro-Hungarian Army fought on the Russian front.

After taking around 300, 000 Polish prisoners in 1939 and early 1940, 25, 700 Polish POWs were executed on 5 March 1940, pursuant to a note to Stalin from Lavrenty Beria, in what became known as the Katyn massacre.

After being translated into Polish, it was read by the people with whom the Lewinkopf family lived during the war.

After the death of the absolutist king Matthias Corvinus in 1490, the Hungarian magnates, who did not want another heavy-handed king, procured the accession of Vladislaus II ( reigned 1490 – 1516 ), king of Bohemia, because of his notorious weakness: he was known as King Dobže, or Dobzse in Hungarian orthography ( meaning “ Good ” or, loosely, “ OK ”) from his habit of accepting without question every petition and document laid before him .< ref name =" britannica1 ">

After King Alexander III was buried at Dunfermline Abbey on 29 March 1286, the magnates and clerics of the realm assembled at Scone in parliament to select the Guardians of Scotland who would keep the kingdom for the right heir.

After his election as princeps ( prince, principal leader ) of the Asturians by the local magnates in the Visigothic manner, Pelagius made his capital at Cangas de Onís.

After repeated armed revolts and rebellions, Carloman in 746 convened an assembly of the Alamanni magnates at Cannstatt and then had most of the magnates, numbering in the thousands, arrested and executed for high treason in the Blood Court at Cannstatt.

After Moray's death, on 20 July 1332, he was replaced by Donald, Earl of Mar, elected by an assembly of the magnates of Scotland at Perth, 2 August 1332.

After the archduke's assassination, the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty sold the castle to the German Krupp industrial magnates, it is today a private property of Frederick R. Koch.

After moving to Rio, Chateaubriand worked as a journalist and lawyer, and it was in the latter capacity that he made friends with influential people, especially magnates connected with the interests of foreign corporations who wanted to hedge through lobbying against nationalist politics, among them the public utilities trust Light & Co's CEO Alexander McKenzie and the American mining magnate Percival Farqhuar.

After becoming a press tycoon, he eventually combined undeniable journalistic feeling with a totally unscrupulous behaviour, using as his main tool for money making the most extensive use of libel and blackmail, directed against magnates and authorities.

After the death of king Matthias in 1490 he supported Polish ( by birth ) king Vladislas II of Hungary and the great magnates against Matthias ' illegitimate son and designated successor John Corvinus.

After that, the area was administered by the Gabras family, Trapezuntine magnates who later established the principality of Theodoro.

After being advised by bishops and magnates that Northampton was a threat to Oxford, Henry III dissolved the university in 1265, and signed a Royal Decree which banned the establishment of a university in Northampton.

After being incorporated in Yugoslavia for most of the 20th century, Croatia regained independence in 1991.

After 19 years in a minimally conscious state, Terry Wallis spontaneously began speaking and regained awareness of his surroundings.

After Macias ' fall in 1979, President Obiang asked for Spanish assistance, and since then, Spain has regained influence in Equatorial Guinea's diplomatic relations.

After the breakdown of the Hun Empire, they never regained their lost glory.

After more than a century of rule by its neighbors, Poland regained its independence in 1918, internationally recognized in 1919 with the Treaty of Versailles.

After Boleslaw's death, the Duchy of Pomerania regained independence, before the dukes became vassals of Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire in the late 12th century.

After the war, the central government regained its ability to collect taxes and control over key port and government facilities.

After the First World War, Poland and Lithuania both regained their independence but soon became immersed in territorial disputes.

After the Gothic War ( 535-554 ) and the Byzantine conquest, this region regained its freedom, because the " Roman Duchy " became the property of the Eastern Emperor.

After the Ottomans regained control, European money continued to flow into Nazareth and new institutions were established.

After securing aid from Rome, the exiled mercenaries then regained authority on the island of Sicily.

After Poland regained its independence ( from Germany, Austria and Russia ) in 1918 no major or minor force considered Pan-Slavism as a serious alternative, viewing Pan-Slavism as little more than a code word for Russification.

After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the colony regained its independence under the Royal Charter.

After Sidon came under Ottoman Turkish rule in the seventeenth century, it regained a great deal of its earlier commercial importance.

After the Unification of Italy of 1865, Syracuse regained its status of provincial capital.

After 12 years in bondage, he regained his freedom in January 1853 ; he was one of very few to do so in such cases.

After Poland regained independence, in 1920 Banach was given an assistantship at Kraków's Jagiellonian University.

After this success, the Catholics regained pace, and the principle of cuius regio, eius religio began to be exerted more strictly in Bavaria, Würzburg and other states.

After the English regained the territory of the former kingdom, Scots invasions reduced Northumbria to an earldom stretching from the Humber to the Tweed.

After World War II, it regained its place in the standard operatic repertoire.

After Poland regained independence with the end of the World War I in 1918, the party merged with agrarian groups from territories previously occupied by Imperial Russia and formed the first PSL led by Wincenty Witos, becoming one of the most important political parties in the Second Polish Republic until it was removed by the Sanacja regime ( see also People's Party ).

After a brief period under Persian rule under Darius Hystaspes, the state regained its independence under King Alexander I ( 495 – 450 BC ).

After the disputed election of 1876 resulted in the end of Reconstruction, Whites in the South regained political control of the region, after mounting intimidation and violence in the elections.

After Napoleon's defeat, the Pope regained Umbria until 1860.