In the year 1712, the Mughal Emperor Jahandar Shah, a grandson of Aurangzeb sent gifts to the Ottoman Sultan Ahmad III and refereed to himself as the Ottoman Sultan's devoted admirer.

Ahmad Shah Massoud ( Aḥmad Šāh Mas ' ūd ; September 2, 1953 – September 9, 2001 ) was a political and military leader in Afghanistan.

Ahmad Shah Massoud was born on September 2, 1953 in Bazarak, Panjshir, Afghanistan.

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The Durrani Empire (, also referred to as the Last Afghan Empire ) was founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani with its capital at Kandahar, Afghanistan.

With the support of various tribal leaders, Ahmad Shah Durrani extended Afghan control from Mashad in the west to Kashmir and Delhi in the east, and from the Amu Darya in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.

Ahmad Shah then set out westward to take possession of Herat, which was ruled by Shahrukh Afshar.

Ahmad Shah and his forces invaded India four times, taking control of the Kashmir and the Punjab region.

After the death of Ahmad Shah in about 1772, his son Timur Shah became the next ruler of the Durrani dynasty who decided to make Kabul the new capital of the empire, and used Peshawar as the winter capital.

The Durrani Empire is considered the foundation of the modern state of Afghanistan, with Ahmad Shah Durrani being credited as " Father of the Nation ".

In October 1747 a loya jirga ( grand council ) concluded near the city of Kandahar with Ahmad Shah Durrani being selected as the new leader of the Afghans, thus the Durrani dynasty was founded.

Despite being younger than the other contenders, Ahmad Shah had several overriding factors in his favor.

In 1749, the Mughal ruler was induced to cede Sindh, the Punjab region and the important trans Indus River to Ahmad Shah in order to save his capital from Afghan attack.

Having thus gained substantial territories to the east without a fight, Ahmad Shah turned westward to take possession of Herat, which was ruled by Nader Shah's grandson, Shah Rukh of Persia, and then Mashhad ( in present-day Iran ).

In the 18th century it formed part of the dominion of Ahmad Khan Durrani, and so remained under his son Timur.

Ahmad Shah's successors governed so ineptly during a period of profound unrest that within fifty years of his death, the Durrani empire per se was at an end, and Afghanistan was embroiled in civil war.

Upon Ahmad Shah's death, the Durrani chieftains only reluctantly accepted Timur's accession.

This upset the delicate balance of Durrani tribal politics that Ahmad Shah had established and may have prompted Painda Khan and other Durrani chiefs to plot against the shah.

* Singh, Ganda ( 1959 ) Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan Asia Publishing House, London, OCLC 4341271

* Biography of Ahmad Shah Abdali ( Durrani )

Mirwais Hotak followed by Ahmad Shah Durrani unified Afghan tribes and founded the last Afghan Empire in the early 18th century.

After the inauguration or coronation, he became known as Ahmad Shah Durrani.

By 1751, Ahmad Shah Durrani and his Afghan army conquered the entire present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, Khorasan and Kohistan provinces of Iran, along with Delhi in India.

* 1761 – The Third Battle of Panipat is fought in India between the Afghans under Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Marhatas.

According to his The New York Times obituary published on April 3, 1872, Morse received respectively the decoration of the Atiq Nishan-i-Iftikhar ( English: Order of Glory ) medal on wearer's right depicted in photo of Morse with medals, set in diamonds, from the Sultan Ahmad I ibn Mustafa of Turkey ( c. 1847 ), a golden snuff box containing the Prussian gold medal for scientific merit from the King of Prussia ( 1851 ); the Great Gold Medal of Arts and Sciences from the King of Württemberg ( 1852 ); and the Great Golden Medal of Science and Arts from Emperor of Austria ( 1855 ); a cross of Chevalier in the Légion d ' honneur from the Emperor of France ; the Cross of a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog from the King of Denmark ( 1856 ); the Cross of Knight Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, from the Queen of Spain, besides being elected member of innumerable scientific and art societies in this States and other countries.

* February 21 – Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Imam of Adal ( in battle ) ( b. c. 1506 )

* Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi, Isma ' ili theologian and philosopher, died c. 934.

Abu-l -' Abbas Ahmad ibn Mohammed al-Maqqari ( or Al-Makkari ) ( c. 1578 – 1632 ) was a historian born in Tlemcen, present day Algeria.

Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad ( also known as Dean Ahmad ) ( born August 11, 1948 ) is a Palestinian American scholar and the president of the Minaret of Freedom Institute, a libertarian 501 ( c )( 3 ) tax-exempt Muslim think-tank.

Abu al-Hasan ' Ali ibn ' Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Yunus al-Sadafi al-Misri ( Arabic: ابن يونس ) ( c. 950-1009 ) was an important Egyptian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, whose works are noted for being ahead of their time, having been based on meticulous calculations and attention to detail.

During the forays into India by Ahmad Shah Abdali ( also known as Ahmad Shah Durrani, Emir of Afghanistan ) c 1750s – 60s, a contingent of Tareens / Tarins settled in the Hazara region of the North-West Frontier ( now Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa ) came into prominence for the role they played at the Third Battle of Panipat, January 1761, against the Marhatta Confederacy.

Ahmad Fanākatī ( c. 1220 – 1282 ) was a Muslim financial minister of Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty.

According to Ahmad ibn Rustah ( c. 930 ), a Persian explorer and geographer, the " Magyars are a race of Huns and their king rides out with horsemen to the number of 10, 000 and this king is called Kanda.

Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi () " the Conqueror " ( c. 1507 – February 21, 1543 ) was a Somali Imam and General of Adal who invaded Ethiopia and defeated several Ethiopian emperors, wreaking much damage on that kingdom.

Muhadhdhib al-Dīn Abūʼl-Hasan ʻAlī ibn Ahmad Ibn Hubal () known as Ibn Hubal () ( c. 1122-1213 ) was an Arab physician and scientist born in Baghdad.

Muhammad ibn Ahmad Shams al-Din Al-Muqaddasi (), also transliterated as Al-Maqdisi and el-Mukaddasi, ( c. 945 / 946-1000 ) was a medieval Arab geographer, author of Ahsan at-Taqasim fi Ma ` rifat il-Aqalim ( The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions ).

c. 1730-1735 ` Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Harhara

c. 1735-1750 Ahmad ibn ` Ali Al Harhara

c. 1750-1780 Salih ibn Ahmad Al Harhara