Kimiya-yi sa ' ādat ( The Alchemy of Happiness ) – a text on Islamic philosophy and spiritual alchemy by Al-Ghazali | Al-Ghazālī ( 1058 – 1111 ).

In Islamic philosophy, skepticism was established by Al-Ghazali ( 1058 – 1111 ), known in the West as " Algazel ", as part of the orthodox Ash ' ari school of Islamic theology, whose method of skepticism shares many similarities with Descartes ' method.

According to the Islamic jurist Al-Ghazali ( Algazel, 1058 – 1111 ), the government was also expected to store up food supplies in every region in case a disaster or famine occurred.

This supreme exaltation of philosophy may be attributed, in great measure, to Al-Ghazali ( 1058 – 1111 ) among the Persians, and to Judah ha-Levi ( 1140 ) among the Jews.

Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ) ( 1058 – 1111 ) had an important influence on the use of logic in theology, making use of Avicennian logic in Kalam.

Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ) ( 1058 – 1111 ) had an important influence on the use of logic in theology, making use of Avicennian logic in Kalam.

Among the important early Muslim scholars who made valuable contributions to economic theory are Abu Yusuf ( d. 798 ), Al-Mawardi ( d. 1058 ), Ibn Hazm ( d. 1064 ), Al-Sarakhsi ( d. 1090 ), Al-Tusi ( d. 1093 ), Al-Ghazali ( d. 1111 ), Al-Dimashqi ( d. after 1175 ), Ibn Rushd ( d. 1187 ), Ibn Taymiyyah ( d. 1328 ), Ibn al-Ukhuwwah ( d. 1329 ), Ibn al-Qayyim ( d. 1350 ), Al-Shatibi ( d. 1388 ), Ibn Khaldun ( d. 1406 ), Al-Maqrizi ( d. 1442 ), Al-Dawwani ( d. 1501 ), and Shah Waliyullah ( d. 1762 ).

According to the Islamic jurist Al-Ghazali ( Algazel, 1058 – 1111 ), the government was also expected to stockpile food supplies in every region in case of disaster or famine.

According to the Islamic jurist Al-Ghazali ( Algazel, 1058 – 1111 ), the government was also expected to store up food supplies in every region in case a disaster or famine occurred.

* 1058 – 1111 theology Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ), judge and prolific thinker and writer on topis such as sociology, theology and philosophy.

This supreme exaltation of philosophy may be attributed, in great measure, to Al-Ghazali ( 1005 – 1111 ) among the Persians, and to Judah ha-Levi ( 1140 ) among the Jews.

The most popular modern singers of maqam are Rachid Al-Qundarchi ( 1887 – 1945 ), Youssouf Omar ( 1918 – 1987 ), Nazem Al-Ghazali ( 1920 – 1963 ), Salim Shibbeth ( born 1908 ), Hassan Chewke ( 1912 – 1962 ), Najim Al-Sheikhli ( 1893 – 1938 ), Mohammed Al-Qubanchi ( 1900 – 1989 ), Hamid Al Saadi ( 1959 -) and Farida Mohammad Ali ( 1963-).

Al-Ghazali ’ s Theory of Interpretation, Journal of Osaka University of Foreign Studies, Japan, 72, 1986, pp. 1 – 24.

Although Al-Ghazali ( d. 1111 ) was not entirely in agreement with the Ash ' ari school, the most influential work of the Asharite thought became his treatise The Incoherence of the Philosophers.

* Al-Ghazali ( died 1111 )

Philoponus ' arguments against an infinite past were used by the early Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

* Al-Ghazali ( a. k. a. Algazel ), celebrated Muslim scholar

* Al-Ghazali, Muslim theologian, jurist and mystic.

To defend the possibility of miracles and God's omnipotence against the encroachment of the independent secondary causes, some medieval Muslim theologians such as Al-Ghazali rejected the idea of cause and effect in essence, but accepted it as something that facilitates humankind's investigation and comprehension of natural processes.

In an attempt to define consensus in a form which was more likely to ever occur, Al-Ghazali expanding on al-Shafi ' i's definition to define consensus as including all of the Muslim community in regard to religious principles and restricting the meaning to only the religiously learned in regard to finer details.

His reasoning was adopted by many, most notably ; Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

However other contemporary scholars such as Nuh Ha Mim Keller, a Sheikh in the Shadili Order hold that the criticism of kalam from early scholars was specific to the Mu ' tazila, going on to claim that other historical Muslim scholars such as Al-Ghazali, As-Subki, An-Nawawi and even the four Madh ' hab saw both good and bad in kalam and cautioned from the speculative excess of unorthodox groups such as the Mu ' tazilah and Jahmiyya.

His were adopted by many including, most notably, early Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

In Islamic theology, jurisprudence and philosophy, and in Hadith collection, many of the greatest Islamic scholars came from Khorasan, namely Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Abu Hanifa, Imam Bukhari, Imam Muslim, Abu Dawood, Al-Tirmidhi, Al-Nasa ' i, Al-Ghazali, Al-Juwayni, Abu Mansur Maturidi, Fakhruddin al-Razi, and others.

The Mouride beliefs are based on Qur ' anic and Sufi traditions and influenced by the Qadiriyya and Tijaan brotherhoods, as well as the Islamic scholar Al-Ghazali.

Bektashis generally revere Sufi mystics outside of their own order, such as Al-Ghazali and Jelalludin Rumi who are close in spirit to them.

The Incoherence of the Philosophers ( تهافت الفلاسفة Tahāfut al-Falāsifaʰ in Arabic ) is the title of a landmark 11th century polemic by the Sufi sympathetic Imam Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ) of the Asharite school of Islamic theology criticizing the Avicennian school of early Islamic philosophy.

Al-Ghazali also wrote The Revival of the Religious Sciences in Islam.

One of the earliest formations of the Kalām argument comes from Al-Ghazali, who wrote, " Every being which begins has a cause for its beginning ; now the world is a being which begins ; therefore, it possesses a cause for its beginning.

Al-Ghazali wrote that when fire and cotton are placed in contact, the cotton is burned directly by God rather than by the fire, a claim which he defended using logic.

Al-Ghazali in the 11th century discussed concupiscence from an Islamic perspective in his book Kimiya-yi sa ' ādat ( The Alchemy of Happiness ).

* The Alchemist of Happiness ( documentary ) ( 2004 )-voiceover Al-Ghazali

In his defense of the Asharite doctrine of a created universe that is temporally finite, against the Aristotelian doctrine of an eternal universe, Al-Ghazali proposed the modal theory of possible worlds, arguing that their actual world is the best of all possible worlds from among all the alternate timelines and world histories that God could have possibly created.

Al-Ghazali abstracted these " basic goods " from the legal precepts in the Qur ' an and Sunnah: they are religion, life, reason, lineage and property.

Al-Ghazali and William James have rejected their pessimism after suffering psychological, or even psychosomatic illness.

* The Almoravid Ali ibn Yusuf organizes an auto-da-fé of the works of Al-Ghazali in front of the great mosque of Cordoba.

Al-Ghazali argued that Aristotelianism, especially as presented in the writings of Avicenna, was self-contradictory and an affront to the teachings of Islam.

Al-Ghazali argued that Aristotelianism, especially as presented in the writings of Avicenna, was self-contradictory and an affront to the teachings of Islam.

Al-Ghazali and Rumi are two notable examples.

Like Al-Ghazali, Judah Ha-Levi attempted to liberate religion from the bondage of philosophical systems.

It can be argued that the attacks directed against the philosophers by Al-Ghazali in his work, Tahafut al-Falasifa ( The Incoherence of the Philosophers ), not only produced, by reaction, a current favorable to philosophy, but induced the philosophers themselves to profit by his criticism.

In this work, Descartes tackles the problem of skepticism, which had previously been studied by Sextus Empiricus, Al-Ghazali and Michel de Montaigne.