** Al-Hakim II, Caliph of Cairo

fr: Al-Hakim II

pl: Al-Hakim II

pt: Al-Hakim II

Muhammad bin Ismail Nashtakin ad-Darazi () was an 11th-century Ismaili preacher and early leader of the Druze faith who was labeled a heretic in 1016 and subsequently executed by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.

After the death of Al-Hakim he administered the private estate of the regent Sitt al-Mulk and after she died in 1023 took over control of the state finances.

During this stage a dispute occurred between ad-Darazi and Hamza bin Ali mainly concerning ad-Darazi's ghuluww ( Arabic, " exaggeration "), which refers to the belief that God was incarnated in human beings, especially ' Ali and his descendants, including Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah who was the current Caliph, and ad-Darazi naming himself " The Sword of the Faith " which led Hamza to write an epistle refuting the need for the sword to spread the faith and several epistles refuting the beliefs of the ghulat.

In 1018 ad-Darazi was assassinated for his teachings ; some sources claim that he was executed by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.

Al-Hakim became a central figure in the Druze faith even though his own religious position was disputed among scholars.

Al-Hakim was replaced by his underage son, ' Alī az-Zahir.

* 1011 – 1021: Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhacen ), a famous Iraqi scientist working in Egypt, feigned madness in fear of angering the Egyptian caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, and was kept under house arrest from 1011 to 1021.

Al-Hakim preferred Hamza ibn ' Ali ibn Ahmad over him and Ad-Darazi was executed in 1018, leaving Hamza the sole leader of the new faith

The earliest recorded attempt to build a dam near Aswan was in the 11th century, when the Arab polymath and engineer Ibn al-Haytham ( known as Alhazen in the West ) was summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid Caliph, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, to regulate the flooding of the Nile, a task requiring an early attempt at an Aswan Dam.

Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi and Ibn Arabi amongst others also contended that there was a Seal of the Awliya much in the same way that Muhammad is considered the Seal of the Prophets.

Al-Dawa was formed in 1957 by a group of Shi ' ite leaders including Mohammed Salih Al-Adeeb, Sayid Murtadha Alaskary, Abdul Sahib Dukheil, Sayid Mohammed Mahdi Al-Hakim, Sayid Mohammed Baqir Al-Hakim, Mohammed Sadiq Al-Qamoosee and Sayid Talib Al-Rafa ’ ee.

Though not among the most hard-line of Islamists, Al-Hakim was seen as dangerous by the ruling Ba ' ath regime, largely because of his agitation on behalf of Iraq's majority Shia population ( the ruling regime was mostly Sunnis ).

The subsequent eruption of war between Iraq and ( largely Shia ) Iran led to an ever-increasing distrust of Iraq's Shia population by the ruling Ba ' ath party ; combined with his previous arrests, this convinced Al-Hakim that it was impossible to continue his Shia advocacy in Iraq, and in 1980 he fled to Iran.

Al-Hakim was killed on August 29, 2003, when a massive car bomb exploded as he left the Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf.

The fact that his assassination came in the midst of a pattern of violence against Shia clerics in Najaf in the weeks leading up to his death ( Al-Hakim was the fourth to be assassinated ) led some to conclude that the attack was most likely motivated by anti-Shia sentiment.

In the 11th century, a man allegedly sent by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah attempted to smash the Black Stone, but was killed on the spot, having caused only slight damage.

He was born in 1953, the son of Grand Ayatollah Muhsin Al-Hakim.

* In Cairo, Dar al-Hikmah, the " House of Wisdom ", was another name of the House of Knowledge, founded by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in 1004.

Abu ‘ Ali Mansur Tāriqu l-Ḥākim, called Al-Hakim bi Amr al-Lāh (; literally " Ruler by God's Command "), was the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili imam ( 996 – 1021 ).

A fundamental change occurred when the Fatimid Caliph attempted to push into Syria in the later half of the 10th century, here they were faced with the now Turkish dominated forces of the Abbasid Caliph and began to realize the limits of their current military, thus during the reign of Abu Mansur Nizar al-Aziz Billah and Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah the Caliph began incorporating armies of Turks and later Black Africans ( even later, other groups such as Armenians were also used ).

This so-called Baghdad Manifesto was read out in Friday mosques throughout the ‘ Abbasid domains accusing the Fatimids of Jewish ancestry also because of Al-Hakim ’ s alleged Christian mother he was accused of over sympathizing with non-Muslims and that he gave them more privileges than they should have been given under Islamic rule such accusations where manifested through poetry criticizing the Fatimids and that eventually led to the persecution of non-Muslims from 1007 till 1012.

* 1021: the ruling Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sister Sitt al-Mulk, which leads to the open persecution of the Druze by Ismaili Shia ; the Druze proclaimed that Al-Hakim went into hiding ( ghayba ), whereupon he would return as the Mahdi savior.

During the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.

** Al-Hakim I, Caliph of Cairo

* Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah, fifth Fatimid Caliph in Egypt, dies and is succeeded by his son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.

* Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, later sixth Fatimid Caliph in Egypt

The Al-Hakim Mosque in Cairo, of Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the sixth Caliph, as renovated by Dawoodi Bohra

However, in the early 11th century, the Egyptian Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ordered the destruction of all churches.

; 1005: Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim, orders Jewish and Christian residents to wear bells on their garments and a " golden calf " ( made of wood ) around the neck when bathing with Muslims.

He also entered in an alliance with the Fatimid Caliph of Egypt, Al-Hakim ( 996 – 1021 ), that put Basil in a difficult situation, forcing him to refrain from an acute response to Giorgi ’ s offensive.

According to Abu al-Makarim, writing in the last quarter of the twelfth century, Zacharias was the last Patriarch of Alexandria to send letters to the rulers of Nubia and Ethiopia, having been forbidden to do so by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.

His son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ( 996-1021 ) succeeded him as Caliph.

However the Caliph Al-Hakim soon regretted this harsh punishment, and took him back into the palace and promoted him to high office.

Crypto-Christians, as well as Crypto-Jews, appear in Egypt ( as a result of oppression by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim ) as early as in 11th c. and in Morocco in the 12th c. under the Almohads rule.

Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah is claimed to have repaired the Old Cairo to Red Sea passageway, but only briefly, circa 1000 AD, as it soon " became choked with sand.

* The Al-Hakim Mosque is completed in Cairo.

* Construction of the Al-Hakim Mosque begins in Cairo.

Al-Jam ` e Al-Anwar (, Anwar Mosque, literally: The Enlightened Mosque ) also Al-Hakim Mosque is a major Islamic religious site in Cairo, Egypt.

Al-Hakim Mosque | Mosque of al-Hakim, in Cairo, Egypt, an Imamah ( Shi ' a Ismaili doctrine ) | Ismāʿīlī Shī ‘ ah Imām.

Today, Islamic Cairo includes the Mosque of Ibn Tulun ( the oldest and largest in Cairo ), Al-Azhar University, the oldest university in the world, the Al-Hakim Mosque, and many other famous mosques and buildings.