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Albert and Hahnel
It emerged from the work of activist and political theorist Michael Albert and that of radical economist Robin Hahnel, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s.
Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert claim that:
Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is an economic system proposed primarily by activist and political theorist Michael Albert and radical economist Robin Hahnel, among others.
Albert and Hahnel stress that parecon is only meant to address an alternative economic theory and must be accompanied by equally important alternative visions in the fields of politics, culture and kinship.
In parecon, it constitutes a replacement for the mainstream economic conception of economic freedom, which Albert and Hahnel argue that by its very vagueness has allowed it to be abused by capitalist ideologues.
Hahnel and Albert argue that without balanced job complexes, those with empowering jobs, such as accounting or management, would be able to formulate plans and ideas, while others, such as janitors, would not develop the capacity to do so, neither would they have the training.
Albert and Hahnel argue that it is inequitable and ineffective to compensate people on the basis of their birth or heredity.
Albert and Hahnel claim the non-transferability of parecon credits would make it impossible to bribe or even beg for money.
Albert and Hahnel did not clarify how a currency of this form would be used in international trading with non-parecon countries.
When analyzing the subject of class and how individuals stratified into them interact with each other, Albert and Hahnel came to the conclusion that Marxian class theory and views of class among capitalist economists were inadequate to assess how economies of all kinds are divided along class lines.
Similar to the New Class theory, it is this class Albert and Hahnel claim which usurped power in former Communist states rather than the working class and rearranged economic power-structures in their favor.
The label structured itself around the participatory economic proposals of Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert.
Hahnel was an undergraduate at Harvard when he met Albert, who was studying at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Albert and Hahnel argued that while those aspects of Marxist theory rejecting the institutions of private property and markets were well-founded, other aspects of Marxist and Marxist – Leninist doctrine, including its economistic bias, dialectical methodology, historical materialism, class concepts, labour theory of value, crises theory and rejection of visionary thinking, and authoritarian values and tendencies, were either partially or wholly flawed ; and often constituted obstacles in the struggle for social justice.
In 1991, as the Soviet bloc crumbled and capitalism emerged triumphant Albert and Hahnel published " The Political Economy of Participatory Economics ", a model of an economy based upon allocation by participatory democracy within an integrated framework of nested production and consumption councils that was proposed as an alternative to contemporary capitalism, centralized state socialism and market socialism.
In ensuing years Hahnel and Albert fleshed out the gaps in their vision, discussed possible complementary political and cultural institutions, and replied to many of their critics.
In recent years Hahnel has stopped publishing books with Michael Albert on participatory economics.
" To this end the label incorporates the economic structure Parecon proposed by Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert.
Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is an economic system proposed by activist and political theorist Michael Albert and radical economist Robin Hahnel.
Albert and Hahnel stress that parecon is only meant to address an alternative economic theory and must be accompanied by equally important alternative visions in the fields of politics, culture and kinship.
Balanced job complexes are central to the theory of participatory economics which emerged from the work of radical theorist Michael Albert and that of radical economist Robin Hahnel.

Albert and proposed
During the 1930s other ideas were proposed as non-standard cosmologies to explain Hubble's observations, including the Milne model, the oscillatory Universe ( originally suggested by Friedmann, but advocated by Albert Einstein and Richard Tolman ) and Fritz Zwicky's tired light hypothesis.
Later, Albert Einstein proposed that the quanta of light might be regarded as real particles, and ( still later ) the particle of light was given the name photon, to correspond with other particles being described around this time, such as the electron and proton.
In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed that space and time appeared to be velocity-changeable entities, not only for light propagation, but all other processes and laws as well.
Philosopher Albert Meltzer proposed that individualist anarchism differs radically from revolutionary anarchism, and that it " is sometimes too readily conceded ' that this is, after all, anarchism '.
In 1917, Albert Einstein established the theoretical foundations for the laser and the maser in the paper Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung ( On the Quantum Theory of Radiation ); via a re-derivation of Max Planck ’ s law of radiation, conceptually based upon probability coefficients ( Einstein coefficients ) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation ; in 1928, Rudolf W. Ladenburg confirmed the existences of the phenomena of stimulated emission and negative absorption ; in 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant predicted the use of stimulated emission to amplify “ short ” waves ; in 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and effected the first demonstration of stimulated emission ; in 1950, Alfred Kastler ( Nobel Prize for Physics 1966 ) proposed the method of optical pumping, experimentally confirmed, two years later, by Brossel, Kastler, and Winter.
On August 26, 1943, at a meeting in Albert Speer's office, Hans Kammler suggested moving the A-4 Development Works to a proposed underground site in Austria.
Special relativity ( SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR ) is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein ( after the considerable and independent contributions of Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and others ) in the paper " On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies ".
While spacetime can be viewed as a consequence of Albert Einstein's 1905 theory of special relativity, it was first explicitly proposed mathematically by one of his teachers, the mathematician Hermann Minkowski, in a 1908 essay building on and extending Einstein's work.
It culminated in the theory of special relativity proposed by Albert Einstein, and subsequent work of Max Planck, Hermann Minkowski and others.
It was originally proposed by Albert Einstein as a modification of his original theory of general relativity to achieve a stationary universe.
Prince Albert, Duke of York – " Bertie " to the family – was the second son of King George V. He initially proposed to Elizabeth in 1921, but she turned him down, being " afraid never, never again to be free to think, speak and act as I feel I really ought to ".
The following month, Albert proposed again, but she refused him once more.
Two days later, he wrote again: " I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her ".
In 1299, the French proposed a marriage alliance between Philip IV of France's sister Blanche and Albert I of Germany's son Rudolf, with Alsace to be the dowry ; however, the deal never came off.
On 24 September 1861, Crown Princess Victoria introduced her brother Albert Edward to Alexandra at Speyer, but it was not until almost a year later on 9 September 1862 ( after his affair with Nellie Clifden and the death of his father ) that Albert Edward proposed to Alexandra at the Royal Castle of Laeken, the home of his great-uncle, King Leopold I of Belgium.
Following Max Planck's quantization of light ( see black body radiation ), Albert Einstein interpreted Planck's quanta to be photons, particles of light, and proposed that the energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency, one of the first signs of wave – particle duality.
The initiative of the street name was proposed by Albert Molina, Abel Parera and Xavier Gassó, which were also the promoters of the event.
The squiggle notation was invented by Fritz Albert Lipmann, who first proposed ATP as the main energy transfer molecule of the cell, in 1941.
On 3 December 1891 Albert Victor, to her " great surprise " proposed to Mary at Luton Hoo, the country residence of the Danish ambassador to Britain.
In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed the existence of a light-particle in answer to the question: " what are light quanta?
The special theory of relativity, the successor to classical mechanics, was first proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein.
Before the present general relativistic cosmological model was developed, Albert Einstein proposed a way to dynamically stabilize a cosmological scenario that would necessarily collapse in on itself due to the gravitational attraction of the matter constituents in the universe.

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