In 1917, Albert Einstein established the theoretical foundations for the laser and the maser in the paper Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung ( On the Quantum Theory of Radiation ); via a re-derivation of Max Planck ’ s law of radiation, conceptually based upon probability coefficients ( Einstein coefficients ) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation ; in 1928, Rudolf W. Ladenburg confirmed the existences of the phenomena of stimulated emission and negative absorption ; in 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant predicted the use of stimulated emission to amplify “ short ” waves ; in 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and effected the first demonstration of stimulated emission ; in 1950, Alfred Kastler ( Nobel Prize for Physics 1966 ) proposed the method of optical pumping, experimentally confirmed, two years later, by Brossel, Kastler, and Winter.

Albert Einstein created the foundations for the laser and maser in 1917, via a paper in which he re-derived Max Planck ’ s law of radiation using a formalism based on probability coefficients ( Einstein coefficients ) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

Current understanding of the mechanics of orbital motion is based on Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, which accounts for gravity as due to curvature of space-time, with orbits following geodesics.

Then, in 1905, to explain the photoelectric effect ( 1839 ), i. e., that shining light on certain materials can function to eject electrons from the material, Albert Einstein postulated, based on Planck ’ s quantum hypothesis, that light itself consists of individual quantum particles, which later came to be called photons ( 1926 ).

Historian Albert Mathiez argues that the authority of the Committee of Public Safety was based on the necessities of war, as those in power realized that deviating from the will of the people was a temporary emergency response measure in order to secure the ideals of the Republic.

A tradition may be deliberately created and promulgated for personal, commercial, political, or national self-interest, as was done in colonial Africa ; or it may be adopted rapidly based on a single highly publicized event, rather than developing and spreading organically in a population, as in the case of the white wedding dress, which only became popular after Queen Victoria wore a white gown at her wedding to Albert of Saxe-Coburg.

That film, along with a war-adventure called The Guns of Navarone directly inspired producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman to invest in their own spy-adventure based on the novels of Ian Fleming.

The family of the Prince of Wales illustrated in 1891 ( based on a photograph from 1889 ): ( left to right ) Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence | Prince Albert Victor, Maud of Wales | Princess Maud, Alexandra of Denmark | Alexandra, Edward, Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife | Princess Louise, George V of the United Kingdom | Prince George and Princess Victoria Alexandra of the United Kingdom | Princess Victoria.

This included the wave-particle duality theory of matter, based on the work of Max Planck and Albert Einstein on light.

Prizes were awarded to the vehicles by a jury based on the reports of the observers who rode in each car ; the official winner was Albert Lemaître driving a 3 hp Peugeot, although the Comte de Dion had finished first but his steam powered vehicle was ineligible for the official competition.

" Killing an Arab " garnered both acclaim and controversy: while the single's provocative title led to accusations of racism, the song is actually based on French existentialist Albert Camus's novel The Stranger.

The experiment was allegedly based on an aspect of the unified field theory, a term coined by Albert Einstein.

" He related these plays based on a broad theme of the Absurd, similar to the way Albert Camus uses the term in his 1942 essay, " The Myth of Sisyphus ".

* Louisiana Chief Justice Albert Tate, Jr., who later served on the United States Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, based in New Orleans.

The actor says that he based his character on Elia Kazan, Jacques Cousteau, Albert Einstein, Leonardo Da Vinci, and Adam Ant.

Albert Roussel's first symphonic poem, based on Leo Tolstoy's novel Resurrection ( 1903 ), was soon followed by Le Poème de forêt ( 1904-6 ), which is in four movements written in cyclic form.

Irving " Knadles " Nitzberg, who was " imported " by the Brooklyn " Combination " from ( the ) Bronx, was put on trial for the January 9, 1939, murder of Albert (" Plug ") Shuman in Brooklyn based on the testimony of three accomplices, Abe Reles, Albert Tannenbaum and Seymour Magoon.

* November 12-The animated special Hey, Hey, Hey, It's Fat Albert, based on Bill Cosby's stand up comedy airs on NBC, it would later inspire the Saturday morning cartoon, Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids.

Aronson's judgement was based on Albert Victor's " adoration of his elegant and possessive mother ; his ' want of manliness '; his ' shrinking from horseplay '; his ' sweet, gentle, quiet and charming ' nature ", as well as the Cleveland Street rumours and his opinion that there is " a certain amount of homosexuality in all men ".

In November 2011, the orchestra will be playing Distant Worlds: Music from Final Fantasy, a concert based on the music of the Final Fantasy series at the Royal Albert Hall

For the next album, the band had planned a rock opera entitled Albert about a rock critic who wanted to be a star ( based loosely on the real rock critic Albert Goldman ), but this never materialized.

Furthermore he claims that Bishop Theoderich, already co-initiator of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in Livonia, had the idea of starting a similar order in Estonia ; and that he was the original instigator of the inquiry from Bishop Albert of Buxhoeveden to King Valdemar II in 1218, that set the whole Danish participation in the Baltic crusades in motion.

To maintain papal claims to Tuscany, Honorius appointed Albert, a papal marquis, to rule in the pope ’ s name in opposition to the imperial Margrave of Tuscany, Conrad von Scheiern.

These views, and his chronic intervention in " temporal " affairs, led to many bitter quarrels with the Emperor Albert I of Habsburg, the powerful Colonna family of Rome, King Philip IV of France, and Dante Alighieri, who wrote his essay De Monarchia to dispute Boniface's claims of papal supremacy.

Later claims against William and Albert were not successful.

In 1457, Albert arranged a marriage between his eldest son John, and Margaret, daughter of William III, Landgrave of Thuringia, who inherited the claims upon Hungary and Bohemia of her mother, a granddaughter of Emperor Sigismund.

Maria Theresa, as a woman, was perceived as weak, and other rulers ( such as Charles Albert of Bavaria ) put forward their own competing claims to the crown as male heirs with a clear genealogical basis to inherit the elected dignities of the great Imperial title.

In March 1972 Norman performed 38 concerts in 35 days, including a concert at the Royal Albert Hall in the Spring of 1972, for which he claims he was only given about $ 700 by the tour promoter.

To further legitimate the Habsburg claims to the Bohemian and the Polish throne, Albert had Rudolph married to Elisabeth Richeza of Poland from the Piast dynasty, widow of the predeceased King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia.

Film historians disagree as to which filmmaker first used a close-up, but one of the best claims is for George Albert Smith in Hove, who used medium close-ups in films as early as 1898 and by 1900 was incorporating extreme close-ups in films such as As Seen Through a Telescope and Grandma's Reading Glass.

A 2009 report claims that none of these and other fanciful tales about Little Albert were true.

Albert Low a Zen master and author of The Origin of Human Nature: A Zen Buddhist Looks at Evolution ( 2008 ) opposes neo-Darwinism and the selfish gene as he claims they are materialistic, he also opposes creationism for being dogmatic, instead he advocates spiritual evolution.

" CACI further claims a March 2005 report by US Navy Inspector General and Vice Admiral Albert T. Church shows that despite the publicity surrounding Abu Ghraib, " we found very few instances of abuse involving contractors.

The Prince Bishop Albert and the semi-monastic military Order, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, the Teutonic crusaders and the Russians, all had claims, which were made more difficult by language barriers.

Introduced in 2007, the Ethos is an enhanced ultra-wide field design developed principally by Paul Dellechiaie under Albert Nagler's guidance at Tele Vue Optics and claims a 100 °- 110 ° AFOV.

A fight ensues when Albert arrives and claims to be Mikey's father ; James does not believe this is possible, as Mollie had told him she used a sperm donor.

The claims of the OPV-AIDS hypothesis disrupted the longstanding effort of the WHO and UN to achieve poliomyelitis eradication worldwide through use of the oral polio vaccine of Albert Sabin, which is thought to be safe and effective by virtually all medical authorities.

In 1955 he wrote What is Science and in 1956 he published The World of Mathematics, a four volume library on the literature of mathematics from A ' h-mosé the Scribe to Albert Einstein, presented with commentaries and notes ( 1956 ), which contains exactly what it claims to.

Hooker still claims that the SEC investigation was unjustified and totally politically inspired by the Nixon Administration, which wanted to defeat Albert Gore Sr. and Hooker because they were anti-war candidates.

One urban legend claims that Dandolos once had the opportunity to escort Albert Einstein around Las Vegas.

Despite his agreement with Margaret's father, Emperor Louis IV in 1335 gave Carinthia to the Habsburg Duke Albert II of Austria, who raised inheritance claims as the eldest son of King Albert I of Germany and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol, Margaret's paternal aunt.

While one respected source ( 1980 ) lists Alfred as a cousin of the scientist Albert Einstein, another one claims ( 1993 ) that no relationship has been verified.

Furthermore, Albert succeeded in establishing his claims on Carinthia and Carniola against John of Bohemia.

One legend claims that they migrated westward and disappeared into Lake Mwitanzige ( Albert ).