For want of funds, Alexander was unable to resist the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights or prevent Grand Duke of Muscovy Ivan III from ravaging Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Tatars.

Alexander Alexandrovich () ( 10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894 ), known historically as Alexander III or Alexander the Peacemaker reigned as Emperor of Russia from until his death on.

Alexander III as Tsesarevich, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky.

An account from the memoirs of the artist Alexander Benois gives one impression of Alexander III:

In more ordinary cases Tsar Alexander III could be at once kind, simple, and even almost homely.

Alexander was the fourth son of Malcolm III by his wife Margaret of Wessex, grandniece of Edward the Confessor.

Peace between Henry III, the French prince and Alexander followed on 12 September 1217 with the treaty of Kingston.

The marriage took place on 15 May 1239, and produced one son, the future Alexander III, born in 1241.

His only legitimate child and son, by his second wife, Alexander III succeeded him as King of Scots.

Marie de Coucy, who became mother of Alexander III of Scotland

Alexander III was also the grandson of William the Lion.

At the marriage of Alexander to Margaret of England in 1251, Henry III of England seized the opportunity to demand from his son-in-law homage for the Scottish kingdom, but Alexander did not comply.

Alexander III being rescued from the fury of a stag by Colin Fitzgerald

Alexander had married Princess Margaret of England, a daughter of King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence, on 26 December 1251.

Alexander III Monument at KinghornTowards the end of Alexander's reign, the death of all three of his children within a few years made the question of the succession one of pressing importance.

In 1886, a monument to Alexander III was erected at the approximate location of his death in Kinghorn.

Alexander III has been depicted in historical novels.

It includes depictions of Alexander III and his opponent Haakon IV of Norway.

The novel covers the entire reign of Alexander III ( 1249 – 1286 ), " almost entirely from Alexander's viewpoint ".

A crime fiction novel where Hugh Corbett investigates the " mysterious death " of Alexander III ( 1286 ).

* Alexander O ' Hara, " The Vita Columbani in Merovingian Gaul ," Early Medieval Europe, 17, 2 ( 2009 ), 126 – 153.

* " Tale of the Life and Courage of the Pious and Great Prince Alexander " in Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles, and Tales, ed.

* Alexander, J. J. G. Medieval Illuminators and Their Methods of Work.

" In After Romes's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History, edited by Alexander Callander Murray, 251-287.

The population of Zadar during the Medieval period was predominantly Croatian, according to numerous archival documents, and the Croatian language was used in liturgy, as shown by the writings of cardinal Boson, who followed Pope Alexander III en route to Venice in 1177.

* Jonathan Alexander ; Medieval Illuminators and their Methods of Work ; p. 9, Yale UP, 1992, ISBN 0-300-05689-3

* Rumble, Alexander R. “ Exeter Book .” Medieval England: an Encyclopedia.

* Lyall, Roderick J., Alexander Montgomerie: Poetry, Politics, and Cultural Change in Jacobean Scotland, Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, ( 2005 )

* I. Worthington, " Book Review: Europe: Ancient and Medieval: Alexander.

Alexander and Ivan Marcus quoted in Joseph Dan, “ Was there really a Hasidic movement in Medieval Germany ?” in Gershom Scholem ’ s Major Trends 50 Years After by Joseph Dan and Peter Schafer, pgs.

, with its cantilevered upper floors, exposed concrete structure, and its similar interpretation of public and private spaces, they also drew from the example of Medieval and Renaissance Italian town halls and public spaces, as well as from the bold granite structures of 19th-century Boston ( including Alexander Parris ' Quincy Market immediately to the east ).

Alexander I ( c. 1078 – 23 April 1124 ), also called Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim ( Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim ) and nicknamed " The Fierce ", was King of the Scots from 1107 to his death.

A Gaelic poem laments: It's bad what Malcolm's son has done, dividing us from Alexander ; he causes, like each king's son before, the plunder of stable Alba.

Alexander II ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Uilliam ; Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Uilleim ) ( 24 August 1198 – 6 July 1249 ) was King of Scots from

When Prince Alexander died on 28 January 1284, leaving only the king's granddaughter Margaret living out of his descendants, Alexander III summoned all thirteen Earls of Scotland, twenty-four barons and the heads of the three main Gaelic kindreds of the West, Alexander of Argyll, Aonghas Mór of Islay and Alan MacRuari of Garmoran.

The last Gaelic king of Scotland from the line from Conaire Mór was Alexander III of Scotland.

The Duke of Argyll is also the chief of the Scottish clan of Campbell and in this capacity is known as " MacCailein Mòr ", which is Gaelic, for " The Great MacColin " referring to Cailean Mór ( Colin the Great ) of Lochawe ( Colin of Lochow ) who was killed in fighting with Alexander, Lord of Lorne in 1296.

James Alexander Stewart Stevenson ( invariably known as Stewart Stevenson ) ( Gaelic: Seamus Alasdair Stiùbhart MacSteafain ) ( born 1946 ) is a Scottish politician who became a Member of the Scottish Parliament in 2001.

The name is a Gaelic form of Alexander which has long been a popular name in Scotland.

Alexander, Son of the Reverend Alexander ) ( c. 1698 – 1770 ) was a Scottish poet, lexicographer, political writer and memoirist, respected as perhaps the finest Gaelic language poet of the 18th century.

His father, also named Alasdair, was known as Maighstir Alasdair (" Master Alexander ") which was then the way of referring to a clergyman in Scottish Gaelic.

Although christened after his paternal grandfather Alexander, he was called " Alister " ( Gaelic for Alexander ) from birth.

Colonel Alexander Ranaldson MacDonell of Glengarry ( 15 September 1773 – 1828 ), sometimes called by the Gaelic version of his name, Alastair or Alasdair, was clan chief of Clan MacDonell of Glengarry and was also the personality well known to Walter Scott, a haughty and flamboyant man whose character and behaviour gave Scott the model for the wild Highland clan chieftain Fergus Mac-Ivor in the pioneering historical novel Waverley of 1810.

* Iain Crichton Smith-An extensive exploration of his life, work, and legacy-Dissertation focusing on the Gaelic prose of Crichton Smith, by Alexander Shevellin

Gille Ruadh ( Gaelic: " Red Haired Lad ") was the Galwegian leader who led the revolt against King Alexander II of Scotland.