He succeeded to relinquish suzerainty of his cousin Alfonso VII of León, becoming instead a subject of the papacy, as the kingdoms of Sicily and Aragon had done before him.

Several precursor kingdoms have had an Alfonso I.

Alfonso also moved the capital from Pravia, where Silo had located it, to Oviedo, the city of his father's founding and his birth.

Alfonso was the eldest son of Prince Francisco de Asis de Borbón-Dos Sicilias and Queen Isabel II, whose reign was marked by a constant political crisis which had several causes.

He assumed the title of Alfonso XII, for although no King of united Spain had borne the name " Alfonso XI ", the Spanish monarchy was regarded as continuous with the more ancient monarchy represented by the 11 kings of Asturias, León and Castile also named Alfonso.

Coming to the throne at such an early age, Alfonso had served no apprenticeship in the art of ruling, but he possessed great natural tact and a sound judgment ripened by the trials of exile.

Alfonso and Ena had six children:

The marriage had been arranged by her father Alfonso VI of León in 1106 to unite the two chief Christian states against the Almoravides, and to supply them with a capable military leader.

Alfonso had the support of one section of the nobles who found their account in the confusion.

Elena Lourie ( 1975 ) suggested instead that it was Alfonso's attempt to neutralize the papacy's interest in a disputed succession — Aragon had been a fief of the Papacy since 1068 — and to fend off Urraca's son from her first marriage, Alfonso VII of Castile, for the Papacy would be bound to press the terms of such a pious testament.

Generous bequests to important churches and abbeys in Castile had the effect of making the noble churchmen there beneficiaries who would be encouraged by the will to act as a brake on Alfonso VII's ambitions to break it — and yet among the magnates witnessing the will in 1131 there is not a single cleric.

After being widowed in 1327, Alfonso married in February 1329 Eleanor of Castile ( 1308 – 1359 ), who was betrothed to his brother James, who had refused to consummate the marriage.

In 1421 Queen Joan II of Naples, who had no children, adopted and named him as heir to the Kingdom of Naples, and Alfonso went to Naples.

When Sforza also abandoned Louis, Alfonso seemed to have all his problems solved ; however, his relationship with Joan suddenly worsened, and in May 1423 he had her lover, and a powerful figure in the Neapolitan court, Gianni Caracciolo, arrested.

Alfonso requested support from Braccio da Montone, who was besieging Joan's troops in L ' Aquila, but had to set sail for Spain, where a war had broken out between his brothers and the Kingdom of Castile.

Alfonso tried to regain the favour of the queen, but failed, and had to wait for the death of both Louis ( at Cosenza in 1434 ) and Joan herself ( February 1435 ).

As the Neapolitans had called for the French, Alfonso decided to intervene and, with the support of several barons of the kingdom, captured Capua and besieged the important sea fortress of Gaeta.

Papal troops had invaded the Neapolitan kingdom, but Alfonso corrupted the cardinal Giovanni Vitelleschi, who commanded them, and his successes waned.

This was because in 1448, while Skanderbeg was victoriously fighting off the Turkish invasions, three military columns, commanded by Demetrio Reres along with his sons Giorgio and Basilio, were dispatched to help Alfonso V defeat the barons of Naples who had rebelled against him.

Alfonso had been betrothed to Maria of Castile ( 1401 – 1458 ; sister of John II of Castile ) in Valladolid in 1408 ; the marriage was celebrated in Valencia on 12 June 1415.

Alfonso had been in love with a woman of noble family named Lucrezia d ' Alagno, who served as a de facto queen at the Neapolitan court as well as an inspiring muse.

One year later on 29 June 1475 her sister Beatrice d ' Este was born, and in 1476 and 1477 two brothers, Alfonso and Ippolito arrived.

The death of Peter III on 11 November 1285 changed the Sicilian situation in that his kingdoms were divided between his two Alfonso III of Aragon, who received the crown of Aragon, and James II of Aragon, who succeeded as King of Sicily.

Henry IV's friendship was of essential importance to the Papacy two years later, when Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara, died childless ( 27 October 1597 ), and the Pope resolved to attach the stronghold of the Este family to the states of the Church.

* 1179-The Treaty of Cazola ( Cazorla ) is signed by Alfonso II of Aragon and Alfonso VIII of Castile, dividing Andalusia into separate zones of conquest for the two kingdoms, so that the work of the Reconquista would not be stymied by internecine feuding.

After two days the outnumbered garrison capitulated but Don Alfonso permitted a terrible slaughter.

In the middle of the 15th century, Naples and Palermo unite in the Kingdom of the two Sicilies under the crown of Alfonso V of Aragon.

Lord Voldemort () Alfonso Cuarón, director of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban compared Voldemort with George W. Bush and Saddam Hussein, as the two of them "... have selfish interests and are very much in love with power.

The later is the Chronicle of Alfonso III, which was revised in the early tenth century and preserved in two textual traditions that diverge in several key passages: the, preserved in the Roda Codex, and the, supposedly written by Sebastian, Bishop of Salamanca ( 910 – 913 ).

During his remaining two decades after Corbeil, James warred with the Moors in Murcia, on behalf of his son-in-law Alfonso X of Castile.

Alfonso and Elvira had two children:

In 1083, king Alfonso VI of Castile conquered the city of Madrid, and two years later, Toledo.

Alfonso XI first married Costanza Manuel of Castile on 1325, but divorced her two years later.

Alfonso also had two mistresses, having children by both.

The Spaniards were never secure in Jolo, so by 1878, they had fortified Jolo with a perimeter wall and tower gates ; built inner forts called Puerta Blockaus, Puerta España, and Puerta Alfonso XII ; and two outer fortifications named Princesa de Asturias and Torre de la Reina.

Built on the cemetery of the primitive village of Gasteiz ( which today can be accessed through the excavations ), the church of Santa Maria collapsed with the fire of 1202, and Alfonso VIII of Castile ( who had conquered the square just 2 years earlier ), ordered to rebuild the city and lift at the site of a former church that was to serve two very different purposes: to save souls and store weapons.

Instigated by two canons, Juan Alfonso and Pedro Lopez Galvez, the mob plundered and burned the houses of Alonso Cota, a wealthy converso and tax-farmer.

58, 000 Russian troops in two army corps under Prince Michael Gorchakov fought against 28, 000 French and Sardinian troops under French General Aimable Pélissier and Sardinian General Alfonso La Marmora.

In a later shoot interview, Bill Alfonso said that there was a miscommunication issue on who would lead the match and there was no ill will ever between the two.

" The oldest of seven children, Luis had two brothers, Alfonso and Leonardo, and four sisters: Alicia, Concepción, Margarita and María.

Juan became heir-apparent to the defunct Spanish throne after the renunciations of his two older brothers, Alfonso and Jaime, both in 1933.

Romero met his first wife, Kelly Mitchell, in 1987 while he worked at the register of a Burger King restaurant in Rocklin, California, and they had two children ( Michael Alfonso and Steven Patrick Romero ).

Political conflicts between Spain and England from the 16th century until the early 20th century, limited contact between the aristocratic families of the two countries and a lack of royal alliances prior to the wedding of Alfonso XIII all impeded appreciation of British art in Spain.