Algeria had also won an Oscar for the movie Z, a political thriller directed by Costa Gavras.

The development of the tourism sector in Algeria had previously been hampered by a lack of facilities, but since 2004 a broad tourism development strategy has been implemented resulting in many hotels of a high modern standard being built.

Fibonacci, a mathematician born in the Republic of Pisa who had studied in Béjaïa ( Bougie ), Algeria, promoted the Indian numeral system in Europe with his book Liber Abaci, written in 1202:

In June 1861, Monet joined the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year commitment, but, two years later, after he had contracted typhoid fever, his aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete an art course at an art school.

He had ten successful years on the Continental circuit but a prolonged illness due to an infection contracted while racing in Algeria ended his riding career.

By 1962 the morale of the Foreign Legion was at an all-time low ; it had lost its traditional and spiritual home ( Algeria ), elite units had been disbanded, and in addition, many officers and men were arrested or deserted to escape prosecution.

The return to Mali of large numbers of Tuareg who had migrated to Algeria and Libya during the prolonged drought increased tensions in the region between the nomadic Tuareg and the sedentary population.

Under protest from the PLO, Iraq, and Libya, who claimed that because Abu Daoud was traveling to a PLO comrade's funeral he should receive diplomatic immunity, the French government refused a West German extradition request on grounds that forms had not been filled in properly, and put him on a plane to Algeria before Germany could submit another request.

Once the rebel forces had besieged Damascus, the French military responded with brutal counter-insurgency techniques that prefigured those that would be used later in Algeria and Indo-China.

Previously in 2001, Baker had presented his framework plan, called Baker I, where the dispute would be finally solved through an autonomy within Moroccan sovereignty, but Algeria and the Polisario front refused it.

He had reportedly fled with his four fellow defendants to Spain en route to return to Algeria.

To date, Algeria has had more than 40 legal political parties.

Activist groups had long expressed concern over the memberships of the People's Republic of China, Zimbabwe, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan, and the past memberships of Algeria, Syria, Libya, Uganda and Vietnam on the Commission.

The Jews of modern France are numbering around 400, 000 persons, largely descendants of North African communities, some of which were Sephardic communities, which had come from Spain and Portugal-others were Arab and Berber Jews from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, who were already living in North Africa before the Jewish exodus from the Iberian Peninsula-and to a smaller degree members of the Ashkenazi Jewish communities, who survived the WWII and the Holocaust.

First, explicitly praising Africa would have been offensive to the many immigrants who fled Algeria and other North African countries because of the economic adversity they faced there, and many rappers probably had parents who had done so.

Algeria has had longstanding border disagreements with Morocco, which, although now basically resolved, continue to linger as a factor in the consistently troubled but generally non-violent relations between the two neighbouring nations.

By the late 1950s, in Algeria, the FLN had launched its War of Independence.

It was officially formed in Francoist Spain, in Madrid in January 1961, as a response by some French politicians and French military officers to the 8 January 1961 referendum on self-determination concerning Algeria, which had been organized by General de Gaulle.

It was the most wanton carnage that Algeria had witnessed in eight years of savage warfare.

The reason given for the war was that the viceroy of Algeria, angry about French failure to pay its debts stemming from Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, had struck the French ambassador with the handle of his fly swat.

Algeria had been under French rule since 1830.

Morocco's claims had official support from the Arab League, except for Algeria, which reinstated its recognition of Spanish sovereignty over the exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla.

Various pipeline projects are planned to expand the domestic distribution of natural gas and to export natural gas to Benin, Ghana, Togo through the West African Gas Pipeline, and, potentially, even to Algeria ( where Mediterranean export terminals are located ) by proposed Trans-Saharan gas pipeline.

At the same time, Lacoste proposed a new administrative structure that would give Algeria a degree of autonomy and a decentralized government.

It includes caucasicus and most specimens of the proposed race punicus, though others may be pelegrinoides, Barbary Falcons ( see also below ), or perhaps the rare hybrids between these two which might occur around Algeria.

After studying Réunion, New Caledonia, and Clipperton Island, General Charles Ailleret, head of the Special Weapons Section, proposed two possible nuclear test sites for France in a January 1957 report: French Algeria in the Sahara Desert, and French Polynesia.

During the first half of 1959, Trinquier led the regiment during the Challe Offensive, proposed by the French commander in Algeria, Maurice Challe, to cripple the FLN.

A number of Ottoman successor states adopted the design during the 20th century, including the Emirate of Cyrenaica and the Kingdom of Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and the proposed Arab Islamic Republic.

He also advocated a partition of Algeria as a solution to the Algerian War.

Taya made his first visit to Morocco in October 1985 ( prior to visits to Algeria and Tunisia ) in the wake of Moroccan claims that Polisario guerrillas were again traversing Mauritanian territory.

The territory — an area of wasteland and desert bordering the Atlantic Ocean between Mauritania and Morocco — is contested by Morocco and the Polisario ( an independence movement based in the region of Tindouf, Algeria ).

Algeria claims none of the territory for itself but maintains that Sahrawis should determine the territory's future status.

Algeria, although not asserting any territorial ambitions of its own, was averse to the absorption of the territory by any of its neighbors and called for self-determination for the Saharan people.

The Allies planned an Anglo-American invasion of northwestern Africa — Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, territory nominally in the hands of the Vichy French government.

The name Numidia was first applied by Polybius and other historians during the third century BC to indicate the territory west of Carthage, including the entire north of Algeria as far as the river Mulucha ( Muluya ), about 100 miles west of Oran.

In 1834, Algeria became a French military colony and, in 1848, was declared by the constitution of 1848 to be an integral part of French territory and divided into three French departments ( Algiers, Oran and Constantine ).

Late in 1957, General Raoul Salan, commanding the French Army in Algeria, instituted a system of quadrillage ( surveillance using a grid pattern ), dividing the country into sectors, each permanently garrisoned by troops responsible for suppressing rebel operations in their assigned territory.

The Sahel covers parts of the territory of ( from west to east ) Northern part of Senegal, southern part of Mauritania, middle part of Mali, southern part of Algeria and Niger, middle part of Chad, southern part of Sudan, northern part of South Sudan and Eritrea.

Mauritania also attempts to avoid involvement and to balance between Morocco and POLISARIO's backers in Algeria, although it formally recognizes the SADR as Western Sahara's government since 1984 and has a substantial Sahrawi refugee population ( around 30, 000 ) on its territory.

The traditional definition as being the region including the Atlas Mountains and the coastal plains of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, was later superseded, especially since the 1989 formation of the Arab Maghreb Union, by the inclusion of a fifth nation, Mauritania, and of the disputed territory of Western Sahara ( mostly controlled by Morocco ).

Relations with Algeria have deteriorated sharply due to the Western Sahara affair, as well as due to Moroccan claims on Algerian territory ( Tindouf and Bechar ), which unleashed the brief 1963 Sand War.

After the invasion of the free zone by the Germans in 1942, the school was disbanded, but French cadet officer training went on, part in Cherchell ( Algeria, then Free French territory ) and part in the United Kingdom ( Cadets de la France Libre ) under General de Gaulle's command.

; U. S. support for " apostate " police states in Muslim nations such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Pakistan, Algeria, Morocco, and Kuwait ; U. S. support for the creation of an independent East Timor from territory previously held by Muslim Indonesia ; perceived U. S. approval or support of actions against Muslim insurgents in India, the Philippines, Chechnya, and Palestine ; U. S. troops on Muslim ' holy ground ' in Saudi Arabia ; the Western world's religious discrimination against Muslim immigrants '; historical justification, such as the Crusades.

It remained deserted until French troops led by colonel Trinquet arrived in the area in 1934 and attached the region to the French Algeria territory.

Cohen-Tannoudji was born in Constantine to Jewish parents when Algeria was a French territory.

One immediate result of Operation Green Sea was an escalation in the conflict, with countries such as Algeria and Nigeria now offering support to the PAIGC as well as the Soviet Union, which sent warships to the region ( known by NATO as the West Africa Patrol ) in a show of force calculated to deter future Portuguese amphibious attacks on the territory of the Republic of Guinea.

In 1914, the territory of France was different from today's France in two important ways: most of Alsace and the northeastern part of Lorraine had been annexed by Germany in 1870 ( following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 – 71 ), and the North-African country of Algeria had been established as an integral part of France ( a " département ") in 1848.

The wilaya is located on the territory of the High Plains, riding on the mountain of Bibans, the wilaya of Bordj Bou Arreridj is strategically in eastern Algeria.

It was a stronghold for the Kel Ajjer Tuareg federation whose territory covered most of south-western Libya-including Ubari, Sabha and Ghadames, plus south-eastern Algeria ( Djanet and Illizi ).

* To the south and southeast of the city, 29 communes of the Seine department were grouped with 18 communes of the Seine-et-Oise department ( which was also abolished in 1968 ) to form the new Val-de-Marne department, and the official number 94 was assigned to this department ( a number previously used for the Territoires du Sud territory in the Saharan part of French Algeria ).

In support of Polisario, Algeria sent troops deep into the territory, but they eventually retreated after the Amgala battle in 1976.

The Chenouis – in Berber Ichenwiyen – constitute a Berber population of Algeria numbering more than 300, 000 people principally located in Western-Central part of Algeria, an area which begins from Fouka ( Wilaya of Tipaza ) until Ténès ( wilaya of Chlef ); their traditional territory includes the province of Tipaza, parts of the Chlef province and the extreme north of the province of Ain Defla, and thus are called in reference to the Mount Chenoua which dominates the city of Tipaza, 70 km west of Algiers.