" Along that same thought, Arthur Koestler stated, " it is the synergistic effects produced by wholes that are the very cause of the evolution of complexity in nature " and used the metaphor of Janus ( a symbol of the unity underlying complements like open / shut, peace / war ) to illustrate how the two perspectives ( strong or holistic vs. weak or reductionistic ) should be treated as perspectives, not exclusives, and should work together to address the issues of emergence.

" Along that same thought, Arthur Koestler stated, " it is the synergistic effects produced by wholes that are the very cause of the evolution of complexity in nature " and used the metaphor of Janus to illustrate how the two perspectives ( strong or holistic vs. weak or reductionistic ) should be treated as perspectives, not exclusives, and should work together to address the issues of emergence.

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