New performance measures have been introduced that attempt to address some of theoretical concerns with traditional indicators, including: modified Sharpe ratios ; the Omega ratio introduced by Keating and Shadwick in 2002 ; Alternative Investments Risk Adjusted Performance ( AIRAP ) published by Sharma in 2004 ; and Kappa developed by Kaplan and Knowles in 2004.

Alternative measures Marx cites are:

Alternative measures for achieving it included Keynesian-style fiscal regulation, direct control of manpower, and state control of the means of production.

* Jackson, G. " Alternative concepts and measures of unemployment.

* Alternative measures of labor underutilization, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services

These include analogs to the Federal Alternative Minimum Tax in 14 states, as well as measures for corporations not based on income, such as capital stock taxes imposed by many states.

The New Party proposes various reforms of parliament, including adopting the Alternative Vote system for electing the House of Commons, an appointed and non-political House of Lords, and measures to strengthen the independence of the Civil Service.

Proposed executive summary: Implementation of the Preferred Alternative – the Service is requiring that specific protective measures and standards are followed during all phases of oil and gas exploration being proposed by Lexam, including the intended drilling of two exploratory gas wells on the Refuge, to ensure maximum protection of the surface estate ( including all surface and subsurface natural resources not considered minerals ) of the Refuge and associated cultural, socioeconomic, and aesthetic resources from unreasonable degradation or impacts.

Finance Research Letters, 1, 56 – 70 Alternative source ( Comparison of kurtosis estimators )

Alternative medicine methods are diverse in their foundations and methodologies.

Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, Homeopathy and Naturopathy are cited as examples The term appears to have entered into usage through the National Institute of Health's National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ( NCCAM ), which began to employ it as a substitute for alternative medical systems as a way of differentiating widely comprehensive systems of medicine, such as Ayurvedic medicine, from specialized alternative approaches.

Alternative algebras are so named because they are precisely the algebras for which the associator is alternating.

Alternative names are " local train " or " stopping train ".

Alternative tickets are available for entrance into the Princes Street Gardens concert and Céilidh, where well-known artists perform and ticket holders are invited to participate in traditional Scottish céilidh dancing.

Alternative presentations are common including BuOAc and CH < sub > 3 </ sub > COOC < sub > 4 </ sub > H < sub > 9 </ sub >.

Alternative names for ' hard ' and ' soft ' euroscepticism are respectively ' withdrawalist ' and ' reformist ' euroscepticism.

Alternative start codons ( depending on the organism ), include " GUG " or " UUG "; these codons normally represent valine and leucine, respectively, but, as a start codon, they are translated as methionine or formylmethionine.

Alternative media are also " mass media " outlets in the sense of using technology capable of reaching many people, even if the audience is often smaller than the mainstream.

Alternative views on this topic are given by famous British-Australian physicist John Ward and laser physicist Frank Duarte.

Debbie Stothard of the Alternative ASEAN Network on Burma stated that mining operators used drugs on employees to improve productivity, with needles shared, raising the risk of HIV infection: " These rubies are red with the blood of young people.

" In the 1995 book America's Alternative Religions, published by the State University of New York Press, Baker wrote: " Although they prefer to be called Unificationists, they are referred to in the media and popularly known as ' Moonies '.

Alternative continuities in the Marvel multiverse are generally defined in terms of their differences from Earth-616.

Alternative starting rulesets exist for Internet and mail games, wherein gameplay occurs in alphabetical order by surname, and points added to the score are based on the success of a proposed rule change rather than random dice rolls.

Alternative possible solutions for problems in the phonology, orthography, grammar and vocabulary are considered.

The beginning of the Orange Alternative are in a student movement called the Movement for New Culture created in 1980 at the University of Wrocław.

Alternative crops, however, are not economically comparable to coca.

Alternative positions are traducianism and creationism, which both hold that the individual human soul does not come into existence until conception.

Alternative output devices are tape perforators and computer storage media.

Alternative theories about the origin of weathercocks on church steeples are that it was an emblem of the vigilance of the clergy calling the people to prayer, that it was derived from the Goths and is only possibly a Christian symbol, and that it is an emblem of the sun.

Alternative phrases for this are tisane or herbal infusion, both bearing an implied contrast with " tea " as it is construed here.

Alternative tests have been and are being developed.

Alternative medicine is frequently grouped with complementary medicine or integrative medicine, which, in general, refers to the same interventions when used in conjunction with mainstream techniques, under the umbrella term complementary and alternative medicine, or CAM.

Alternative notations include C ( n, k ), < sub > n </ sub > C < sub > k </ sub >, < sup > n </ sup > C < sub > k </ sub >, C < sup > k </ sup >< sub style =" position: relative ; left :-. 5em ;"> n </ sub >, C < sup > n </ sup >< sub style =" position: relative ; left :-. 5em ;"> k </ sub >, in all of which the C stands for combinations or choices.

While they continued to play live shows during 1983 and 1984, they took a break from releasing new records to concentrate on the Alternative Tentacles record label, which would become synonymous with DIY alternative culture.

In the late 1990s, former band members discovered problems with the amount of payments which each band member had received from their record label Alternative Tentacles.

It was found out that Alternative Tentacles was paying Dead Kennedys less per CD than all the other bands, including Biafra himself, and not informing his other bandmates, which was the fraud.

East Bay Ray claims he received a fax from Alternative Tentacles purporting Biafra approved the licensing for the game, which Biafra denies happening.

In November 2010, the EU Parliament passed the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive, which seeks to provide greater monitoring and control of alternative investment fund managers operating in the EU.

After he left Dead Kennedys, he took over the influential independent record label Alternative Tentacles, which he had co-founded in 1979 with Dead Kennedys bandmate East Bay Ray.

A referendum on the issue was called in March 2003 for which the Nationalists and the Democratic Alternative campaigned for a " yes " vote while Labour campaigned heavily for " no " vote, invalidate their vote or abstain.

Orange Alternative ( Pomarańczowa Alternatywa ) is a name for an underground protest movement which was started in Wrocław, a town in south-west Poland and led by Waldemar Fydrych ( sometimes misspelled as Frydrych ), commonly known as Major ( Commander of Festung Breslau ) in the 1980s.

Orange Alternative movement has inspired several other similar movements in authoritarian countries including Czechoslovakia and Hungary and it has also inspired and influenced the Pora and the so called Orange Revolution movement in Ukraine, which was in turn supported by Poland.

It is in that year that Waldemar " Major " Fydrych, one of the movement's founders, proclaims the Socialist Surrealism Manifesto, which becomes the ideological backbone behind a gazette known as " The Orange Alternative.

What brought the Orange Alternative the biggest fame were its street happenings which it organized throughout the second half of the 1980s.

The record included the number one U. S. Alternative hit " Fat Lip ", which incorporated verses of what one critic called " brat rap.

Alternative tabloids can be positioned as upmarket ( quality ) newspapers, to appeal to the better-educated, higher-income sector of the market ; as middle-market ( popular ); or as downmarket ( sensational ) newspapers, which emphasize sensational crime stories and celebrity gossip.

The city of Tecumseh is home to Tecumseh Public Schools which includes 1 traditional high school, Tecumseh High School, ( grades 9 – 12 ), 1 alternative high school, Tecumseh Alternative High School, 1 middle school, Tecumseh Middle School, ( grades 5 – 8 ), and 4 elementary schools ( grades K – 4 ).

Alternative proposals for English regional government have stalled, following a poorly received referendum on devolved government for the North East of England, which had hitherto been considered the region most in favour of the idea, with the exception of Cornwall, where there is widespread support for a Cornish Assembly, including all five Cornish MPs.

" It was originally envisioned to be an " Alternative to Ultima Online " and was mentioned in an article on the Slashdot news website, which became a major source of interested developers.

** Anglia Television broadcasts the fake documentary Alternative 3, which enters into the conspiracy theory canon.

Opposing the proposal were Cuba, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, Dominica, Nicaragua and Honduras ( all of which entered the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas in response ), and Argentina, Chile and Brazil.

As a counterproposal to this initiative, Chávez has promoted the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas ( Alternativa Bolivariana para las Américas, ALBA ), vaguely based on the model of the European Union, which makes emphasis on energy and infrastructure agreements that are gradually extended to other areas finally to include the total economic, political and military integration of the member states