Although blue phases are of interest for fast light modulators or tunable photonic crystals, they exist in a very narrow temperature range, usually less than a few kelvin.

Although crystal oscillators still most commonly use quartz crystals, devices using other materials are becoming more common, such as ceramic resonators.

Although they may have a large water content, it is bound to the surface of the flat clay crystals comprising the shale.

Although photonic crystals have been studied in one form or another since 1887, the term " photonic crystal " was first used over 100 years later, after Eli Yablonovitch and Sajeev John published two milestone papers on photonic crystals in 1987.

Although such techniques have yet to mature into commercial applications, two-dimensional photonic crystals have found commercial use in the form of photonic crystal fibres ( otherwise known as holey fibres, because of the air holes that run through them ).

Although sodium and potassium are always present in naturally occurring nepheline in approximately the atomic ratio ( 3: 1 ), artificially prepared crystals have the composition NaAlSiO < sub > 4 </ sub >; the corresponding potassium compound, KAISiO < sub > 4 </ sub >, which is the mineral kaliophilite, has also been prepared artificially.

Although simple, Bragg's law confirmed the existence of real particles at the atomic scale, as well as providing a powerful new tool for studying crystals in the form of X-ray and neutron diffraction.

Although for the most part the constituent grains are too small to be determined by the unaided eye, there are often larger crystals of cordierite, garnet or andalusite scattered through the fine matrix, and these may become very prominent on the weathered faces of the rock.

Although not completely understood, the function of ameloblastins is believed to be in controlling the elongation of enamel crystals and generally directing enamel mineralization during tooth development.

Although water ice was the first material for which residual entropy was proposed, it is generally very difficult to prepare pure defect-free crystals of water ice for studying.

Although the process is still not fully understood, diffraction patterns of crystals typically decay with X-ray exposure due to a number of processes which non uniformly and irreversibly modify molecules that compose the crystal.

Although it contains copper and lead, it is a secondary mineral and is not prevalent enough in any known deposits to be used as an ore. Caledonite, when developed into full crystals, can have a deep blue-green color reminiscent of secondary copper minerals.

Although small, glass-like particles can be seen in snus, this may be due to the formation of salt crystals.

Although they were forced to maintain a sharper watch, this activity enabled them to ride in and rack their broncs without any particular attention being paid them.

Although his tender nights were not the ones I dreamed of, nor was it for yachts, sports cars, tall drinks, and swimming pools, nor yet for money or what money buys that I burned, I too was burning and watching myself burn.

Although this kind of wholesale objection came at first from some men who were not technically Puritans, still, once the Puritans gained power, they climaxed the affair by passing the infamous ordinance of 1642 which decreed that all `` public stage-plays shall cease and be forborne ''.

Although because of the important achievements of nineteenth century scholars in the field of textual criticism the advance is not so striking as it was in the case of archaeology and place-names, the editorial principles laid down by Stevenson in his great edition of Asser and in his Crawford Charters were a distinct improvement upon those of his predecessors and remain unimproved upon today.

Although there were no startling developments in shotgun design this year, a number of new models and variations of existing models did hit the market.

Although there were only four fluids tested, it was apparent that there were two distinct types.

Although the elections were for local officials, it was not necessary to conduct the elections so as to prevent parties from publicly identifying their candidates.

Although the monarch had frequently asserted that the elections were to be without party significance, his action was an implicit admission that party identifications were a factor.

Although Rhode Islanders were preparing for the state elections, they watched John Brown's trial with extreme interest.

Although we enjoyed our rounds of the government offices in Vientiane, with officials offering tea and pleasing conversation in French, we were getting nowhere.

Although federal and city narcotic agents sometimes worked together, Sokol continued, rivalries developed when they were `` aiming at the same criminals ''.

Although he later broke with the churches because he believed that they were insufficiently outspoken against social evils, he remained a devout Christian.

Although they " were expecting to see activity in the brain's reward centers ", based on the idea that " people perform altruistic acts because they feel good about it ", what they found was that " another part of the brain was also involved, and it was quite sensitive to the difference between doing something for personal gain and doing it for someone else's gain ".

The Turkish language and the Islamic religion were gradually introduced as a result of the Seljuk conquest, and this period marks the start of Anatolia's slow transition from predominantly Christian and Indo-European and Semitic-speaking, to predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking ( Although some ethnic groups such as Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians and Georgians retained Christianity and their native languages ).

Although the Indian and Greek concepts of the atom were based purely on philosophy, modern science has retained the name coined by Democritus.

Although Romanticism and Neoclassicism were philosophically opposed, they were the dominant European styles for generations, and many artists were affected to a greater or lesser degree by both.

Although Andean Amerindian peoples crafted ceremonial jewelry of gold and other metals the mineralizations of the Andes were first mined in large scale after the Spanish arrival.

Although at least three pads were planned, only two, designated A and B, were completed in October 1965.

Although the proposal seemed to have been approved, the plans of the British were thwarted by the uprising of Dost Muhammad's son Muhammad Akbar Khan, who defeated and annihilated the British-Indian garrison at Gandamak on its retreat from Kabul in January 1842.

Although some of his lands were restored to the control of his relatives, his safe return could not be arranged, and Hasan Ali Shah was forced to remain a permanent resident of India.

Although the prophets urged the people of Judah and Israel to see their exile as punishment for failing to uphold their covenant with Yahweh, it was not long after they had been restored to the land and to Temple worship that the people's commitment to their God began, once again, to wane.

Although the history of the Big Apple was once thought a mystery, research over the past two decades, primarily by amateur etymologist Barry Popik and Gerald Cohen of Missouri University of Science and Technology, has provided a reasonably clear picture of the term's history.

Although the perception by the public may be that the " central bank " controls some or all interest rates and currency rates, economic theory ( and substantial empirical evidence ) shows that it is impossible to do both at once in an open economy.

Although once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, multiple levels of organization exist in the cytosol.

Although cities are different sovereignties than the state they are located within, the two are not permitted to attach jeopardy more than once cumulatively.

Although the characters ' voices are recorded in a studio, ADR is necessary whenever members of the cast cannot all be present at once.

Although the word has a pejorative meaning nowadays, it was once a legitimate title of office in the Byzantine Empire.

" Although he did not fare so well during the reign of Innocent X, under Alexander VII, he once again regained pre-eminent artistic domination and continued to be held in high regard by Clement IX.

Although many of these privileges had existed earlier, they were now granted globally, and once and for all, to allow the German princes to maintain order north of the Alps while Frederick wanted to concentrate on Italy.

Although the recruits had signed on as part of a scientific expedition and expected to spend their three month assignment collecting botanical and biological samples, once out to sea they were told, " Your names will go down in history " and that the islands would become " famous air bases in a route that will connect Australia with California ".

Although starting the whole system at once was politically expedient, it delayed completion, and forced even more reliance on temporary experts brought in from Britain.

( Found once in Psalm 51: 11 and twice in Isaiah 63: 10, 11 ) Although, the term " spirit " in the Hebrew Scriptures, in reference to " God's spirit ", does occur more times.

Although the ancient skills are now in decline, the Marshallese were once able navigators, using the stars and stick-and-shell charts.

Although, once again, Mackal was unable to reach Lake Tele, he gathered details on other cryptids and possible living dinosaurs, like the Emela-ntouka, Mbielu-Mbielu-Mbielu, Nguma-monene, Ndendeki ( giant turtle ), Mahamba ( a giant crocodile of 15 meters ), and Ngoima ( a giant monkey-eating Eagle ).

Although not particular in the choice of some of the associates of his pleasures, he admitted none but men of worth to his intimacy, and when once admitted they were treated like equals.

Although the games existed in pockets in Europe -- it is recorded as being played as early as the 17th century by merchants in England -- it has never gained much popularity in most regions, except in the Baltic area, where once it was a very popular game (" Bohnenspiel ") and Bosnia, where it is called Ban-Ban and still played today.

Although according to Jewish law once matzah is baked it cannot become chametz, some Jews consider that moistened matzo becomes unkosher if it rises.

Although nitrates in drinking water were once thought to be a contributing factor, there are now significant scientific doubts as to whether there is a causal link.

Although movie critic Roger Ebert was not impressed with most of the other actors, he writes in his review, " ... we discover once again what a warm and engaging actor Peter Falk is.

Although such relays once were the backbone of automation in such industries as automobile assembly, the programmable logic controller ( PLC ) mostly displaced the machine tool relay from sequential control applications.

Although he is an ex-boxer ( who likes to remind readers that he once fought the former heavyweight champ Jersey Joe Walcott ) and lifts weights to stay in shape, he also is quite well educated, cooks, and lives by a code of honor he and Susan discuss occasionally — though as infrequently as he can manage.

Although Holmes appears to show initial interest in some female clients ( in particular, Violet Hunter in " The Adventure of the Copper Beeches "), Watson says he inevitably " manifested no further interest in the client when once she had ceased to be the centre of one of his problems ".

Although once at the heart of San Marino's army, the Crossbow Corps is now an entirely ceremonial force of about 70 volunteer soldiers.

Although no supernova has been observed in the Milky Way since 1604, supernovae remnants indicate that on average the event occurs about once every 50 years in the Milky Way.