Although it has previously been assigned to its own genus Alopex, genetic evidence places it in Vulpes ( Mammal Species of the World ) with the majority of the other foxes.

Although the first genetic linkage finding for mania was in 1969, the linkage studies have been inconsistent.

Although traditionally such cladograms were generated largely on the basis of morphological characters and originally calculated by hand, genetic sequencing data and computational phylogenetics are now very commonly used in phylogenetic analysis.

Although clearly both genetic and environmental input is needed for a child to develop normally, considerable debate remains about how genetic information might guide cognitive development.

In July 2007, new forensic evidence was presented in the case and a status report jointly issued by the State and the Defense team stated, " Although most of the genetic material recovered from the scene was attributable to the victims of the offenses, some of it cannot be attributed to either the victims or the defendants.

Although this should, in theory, be highly effective in counteracting genetic disorders and hereditary diseases, many jurisdictions prohibit this for application in human beings, at least for the present, for a variety of technical and ethical reasons.

Although learning about the construction of ancient eyes through fossil evidence is problematic due to the soft tissues leaving no imprint or remains, genetic and comparative anatomical evidence has increasingly supported the idea of a common ancestry for all eyes.

Although a complete theory of evolution also requires an account of how genetic variation arises in the first place ( such as by mutation and sexual reproduction ) and includes other evolutionary mechanisms ( such as genetic drift and gene flow ), natural selection appears to be the most important mechanism for creating complex adaptations in nature.

Although he initially felt at home at Tarnover, Nick eventually becomes aware of experiments in genetic engineering being performed there.

Although A. thaliana has little direct significance for agriculture, it has several traits that make it a useful model for understanding the genetic, cellular, and molecular biology of flowering plants.

Although research suggests the likelihood of a genetic basis, there is no known genetic etiology and brain imaging techniques have not identified a clear common pathology.

Although mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, they are not above abandoning some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease.

Although causation from the biological — genetic and hormonal — to the behavioural has been broadly demonstrated and accepted, Money is careful to also note that understanding of the causal chains from biology to behaviour in sex and gender issues is very far from complete.

Although X. laevis does not have the short generation time and genetic simplicity generally desired in genetic model organisms, it is an important model organism in developmental biology, cell biology, toxicology and neurobiology.

Although " nurture " has historically been referred to as the care given to children by the parents, with the mother playing a role of particular importance, this term is now regarded by some as any environmental ( not genetic ) factor in the contemporary nature versus nurture debate.

Although Crossover and Mutation are known as the main genetic operators, it is possible to use other operators such as regrouping, colonization-extinction, or migration in genetic algorithms.

Although the recurrence risk is not increased, genetic counseling is often recommended for families who have had a pregnancy or child with Turner syndrome.

Although they all live in North America, American black bears are not closely related to brown bears and polar bears ; genetic studies reveal that they split from a common ancestor 5. 05 million years ago.

Although its botanical name Prunus persica refers to Persia ( present Iran ) from where it came to Europe, genetic studies suggest peaches originated in China, where they have been cultivated since the early days of Chinese culture, circa 2000 BC.

Although the problem is not known to be in NC, parallel algorithms with time superior to the Euclidean algorithm exist ; the best known deterministic algorithm is by Chor and Goldreich, which ( in the CRCW-PRAM model ) can solve the problem in O ( n / log n ) time with n < sup > 1 + ε </ sup > processors.

Although and can be any space of functions, many learning algorithms are probabilistic models where takes the form of a conditional probability model, or takes the form of a joint probability model.

Although many consider it a solved problem, useful new sorting algorithms are still being invented ( for example, library sort was first published in 2006 ).

Although this would generate unacceptable distortion in a music signal, the peaky nature of speech waveforms, combined with the simple frequency structure of speech as a periodic waveform having a single fundamental frequency with occasional added noise bursts, make these very simple instantaneous compression algorithms acceptable for speech.

Although it is useful to view this as a subtractive synthesis technique based on a feedback loop similar to that of a comb filter for z-transform analysis, it is better viewed as the simplest of a class of wavetable-modification algorithms now known as digital waveguide synthesis, as the delay line acts to store one period of the signal.

Although US export regulations historically restricted key lengths to 56-bit symmetric keys ( e. g. Data Encryption Standard ), these restrictions are no longer in place, so modern symmetric algorithms typically use computationally stronger 128-to 256-bit keys.

Although it is widely suspected that there are no polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems, this has never been proven.

Although such " folk " practices may well include useful formulae or algorithms, they are generally without the accompanying proof discipline.

Although most learning algorithms have a static bias, some algorithms are designed to shift their bias as they acquire more data ( Utgoff, 1984 ).

( Although the PFA is distinct from the Cooley – Tukey algorithm, Good's 1958 work on the PFA was cited as inspiration by Cooley and Tukey in their famous 1965 paper, and there was initially some confusion about whether the two algorithms were different.

Although this brute-force search can be improved by more efficient algorithms, all of these algorithms take exponential time to solve the problem.

Although it has been believed that simple implementations of top-down parsing cannot accommodate direct and indirect left-recursion and may require exponential time and space complexity while parsing ambiguous context-free grammars, more sophisticated algorithms for top-down parsing have been created by Frost, Hafiz, and Callaghan which accommodate ambiguity and left recursion in polynomial time and which generate polynomial-size representations of the potentially exponential number of parse trees.

Although more advanced algorithms such as simulated annealing or tabu search may give better results, in some situations hill climbing works just as well.

Although there exist polynomial time algorithms to find a matrix having given row and column sums, the solution may be far from unique: any submatrix in the form of a 2 × 2 identity matrix can be complemented without affecting the correctness of the solution.

The Hybrid Evolutionary-Fuzzy Time-based Interactive ( HEFTI ) storytelling system was produced at the University of Texas and uses genetic algorithms to recombine and evaluate story components generated from a set of story templates Although Crawford described it as the " wrong approach to development systems ... ... incomprehensible to the kind of creative talent needed for storytelling.

* Although there is no algorithm for deciding the truth of statements in Peano arithmetic, there are many interesting and non-trivial theories for which such algorithms have been found.

Although all classical algorithms can also be performed on a quantum computer, the term quantum algorithm is usually used for those algorithms which seem inherently quantum, or use some essential feature of quantum computation such as quantum superposition or quantum entanglement.

Although the secrecy of the algorithms does not make the device less secure, it does limit the usage to within the U. S. military.

* Although computer systems can be highly sophisticated, they cannot analyze all the information involved in a crime series and they are only as good as the accuracy of their algorithms ' underlying assumptions

Although most applications involve cryptanalysis ( e. g. the fastest known integer factorization algorithms ), the VSH hash function is one example of a constructive use of smoothness to obtain a provably secure design.

Although for the simplest reflexes there are short neural paths from sensory neuron to motor neuron, there are also other nearby neurons that participate in the circuit and modulate the response.

Although research within cognitive neuroscience has made substantial progress in explaining mental processes such as perception, memory and motivational states such as anger and fear, larger concepts such as mind and intelligence, remain essentially higher level constructs, with observable neural correlates distributed throughout the brain.

Although synapse formation is an activity-independent event, modification of synapses and synapse elimination requires neural activity.

Although there is no direct evidence of a Shh gradient, there is indirect evidence via the visualization of Patched ( Ptc ) gene expression, which encodes for the ligand binding domain of Shh receptor, throughout the ventral neural tube.

Although the pia mater is primarily structurally similar throughout, it spans both the spinal cord ’ s neural tissue and runs down the fissures of the cerebral cortex in the brain.

Although it is sometimes found that expertise recruits the FFA ( e. g. as hypothesized by a proponent of this view in the preceding paragraph ), a more common and less controversial finding is that expertise leads to focal category-selectivity in the fusiform gyrus — a pattern similar in terms of antecedent factors and neural specificity to that seen for faces.

Although the vast majority of neurons in the mammalian brain are formed prenatally, parts of the adult brain retain the ability to grow new neurons from neural stem cells in a process known as neurogenesis.

Although less research exists regarding the neural representation of informational persistence compared to visual persistence, new electrophysiological techniques have begun to reveal cortical areas involved.

Although the vast majority of neurons in the mammalian brain are formed prenatally, parts of the adult brain ( for example, the hippocampus ) retain the ability to grow new neurons from neural stem cells, a process known as neurogenesis.

Although this process appears straightforward to most observers, it has proven to be a difficult problem from a computational perspective, and extraordinarily difficult to explain in terms of neural processing.

Although this enabled rapid progression of neural mapping, and an improved understanding of neural structures, the investigation of perception remained relatively stagnant.

A. K. Dewdney, a former Scientific American columnist, wrote in 1997, " Although neural nets do solve a few toy problems, their powers of computation are so limited that I am surprised anyone takes them seriously as a general problem-solving tool.

Although there were several notable works from his lab, the highest profile early paper appeared in 1968, a study explaining the neural basis of flutter and vibration by the action of peripheral mechanoreceptors.

Although direct brain emulation using artificial neural networks on a high-performance computing engine is a common approach, there are other approaches.

Although localization of the neural generators of an ERP signal is difficulty due to the spreading of current from the source to the sensors, multiple techniques can be used to provide converging evidence about possible neural sources.

Although anatomical details of CPGs are specifically known in only a few cases, they have been shown to originate from the spinal cords of various vertebrates and to depend on relatively small and autonomous neural networks ( rather than the entire nervous system ) to generate rhythmic patterns.